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End‑to‑end robust video watermarking against screen‑recapturing attacks based on spatio-temporal feature enhancement network
Yimin ZHOU, Wenhui FU, Jie LUO, Juan WANG
Journal of Computer Applications    2026, 46 (9): 2889-2897.   DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025080998
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Recently, with the advancement of multi-source capturing devices and sensing technologies, screen recapturing has become a primary channel for video information leakage during dissemination. The screen-recapturing process causes irreversible physical damage to video watermark information, making it difficult to trace the source of information leakage, which poses a significant challenge in the field of video forensics. The existing anti-screen-recapturing video watermarking techniques are still in the preliminary research stage, and are mainly relying on handcrafted frequency-domain features, which struggle to resist cross-device screen-recapturing attacks effectively. Therefore, an end-to-end anti-screen-recapturing video watermarking method was proposed on the basis of a spatio-temporal feature enhancement network. First, to enrich watermark embedding features, a spatio-temporal feature enhancement network module was designed by integrating an optical flow estimation network and a high-pass filter, thereby optimizing the watermark information embedding strategy. Then, by introducing key factors of screen-recapturing channel noise to simulate screen-recapturing distortion, an anti-screen-recapturing attack noise layer was designed to enhance cross-device robustness against such attacks. Experimental results in real-world screen-recapturing attack scenarios demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a decoding accuracy of over 95%, with both robustness and image quality outperforming the mainstream solutions such as Robust Inherent Video Information Embedding (RIVIE) and Automatic, Robust and Blind Video waterMarking resisting camera recording (ARB-VM).

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