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Non-intrusive load monitoring method combining BiLSTM-Transformer and Kolmogorov-Arnold network
Jun QIN, Xintao JIAO, Biqing ZENG
Journal of Computer Applications    2026, 46 (6): 2026-2033.   DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025060728
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To address the shortcomings of the existing deep learning-based Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) methods in capturing long-term dependencies and complex nonlinear dynamic features, an NILM method combining BiLSTM-Transformer and Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN) was proposed, and a mix model BT-KAN was constructed. Firstly, the BiLSTM-Transformer module was designed to combine the advantage of the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network in modeling bidirectional sequence dependencies with the capability of Transformer in modeling global context, and a multi-head attention mechanism was employed to capture long-term dependencies of power load effectively, thereby improving the disaggregation accuracy long-cycle appliances. Then, the KAN module was used to capture nonlinear dynamic features of power load signals more accurately through a hierarchical nonlinear mapping mechanism based on the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem, thereby improving the disaggregation accuracy for complex load modes. Experimental results on the REDD (Reference Energy Disaggregation Dataset) and UK-DALE (UK Domestic Appliance-Level Electricity) datasets show that compared with four Transformer-based similar models, the proposed model achieves reduction of at least 1.6% and 5.5% in Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the improvement of at least 8.3% and 0.7% in F1-score. It can be seen that the proposed method captures long-term dependencies and nonlinear dynamic features in power load signals more accurately and improves the disaggregation effect of complex appliance operating modes.

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