Abstract:

The current consensus mechanisms have the following problems： 1） "monopolization" of bookkeeping rights， that is， with the operation of the system， the bookkeeping rights are mastered by some nodes with more resources， resulting in the loss of small nodes with poor resources， which affects the system security； 2） during the election of stackholders， it is necessary to traverse the transaction records of all participating nodes， resulting in a rapid increase of the consensus delay. To solve these problems， a new consensus mechanism， CRT-PoT（Chinese Remainder Theorem-Proof of Trust）， was proposed. Firstly， based on Chinese Remainder Theorem （CRT）， a voting model CRT-Election was proposed for selecting stakeholders. This model stipulated that the candidates obtained the voting support of voters through the number of successful blocks and the number of successful votes to compete for bookkeeping rights. Then， based on this voting model， a multi-voting mechanism was proposed to ensure that small nodes had more opportunities for campaign for bookkeeping rights， effectively solving the problem of "monopolization" of bookkeeping rights； it also ensured that when the number of candidates increased， the consensus delay increased slowly， because this scheme did not need to traverse the transaction records of all participating nodes， the consensus delay was only related to the number of participating nodes， and the consensus delay increased linearly. Finally， from the theoretical analysis and experimental result perspectives， it was verified that compared with the existing consensus mechanisms， CRT-PoT not only effectively solves the problem of "monopolization" of bookkeeping rights， but also reduces the consensus delay.

Key words: blockchain, consensus mechanism, bookkeeping monopolization, Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT), voting model

摘要：

目前共识机制存在以下问题：1）记账权“垄断化”，即随着系统运行，记账权被一部分拥有更多资源的节点掌握，导致资源贫乏的小节点流失，影响系统安全；2）当竞选权益节点时，要遍历所有参与竞选节点的交易记录，导致共识时延快速增长。针对这些问题，提出了一种新的共识机制——CRT-PoT。首先，基于中国剩余定理（CRT）提出用于选出权益节点的投票模型CRT-Election，该模型规定竞选节点通过成功出块次数以及成功投票次数获取投票节点的投票支持，以竞争记账权。然后，基于该投票模型提出多投机制来保证小节点有更多机会竞选记账权，从而有效解决记账权“垄断化”问题；同时，保证在竞选节点数量增多时，共识时延增长速度较慢，因为该方案不需要遍历所有参与竞选节点的交易记录，共识时延只与参与竞选节点数有关，共识时延呈线性增长。最后，从理论和实验角度分析验证了与目前已有的共识机制相比，CRT-PoT不仅有效解决了记账权“垄断化”问题，同时也降低了共识时延。

关键词: 区块链, 共识机制, 记账权垄断化, 中国剩余定理, 投票模型