Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (10): 3191-3198.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025080944
• Data science and technology • Previous Articles
Yuxuan TENG1, Congfeng JIANG1(
), Junming LIU2, Chuanqi XU2
Received:2025-08-19
Revised:2025-09-10
Accepted:2025-09-24
Online:2026-10-21
Published:2026-10-10
Contact:
Congfeng JIANG
About author:TENG Yuxuan, born in 1999, M. S., engineer. His research interests include data center power usage effectiveness.Supported by:通讯作者:
蒋从锋
作者简介:滕雨轩(1999—),男,福建福州人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向:数据中心电源使用效率基金资助:CLC Number:
Yuxuan TENG, Congfeng JIANG, Junming LIU, Chuanqi XU. Power usage effectiveness prediction of small air-cooled data centers based on LSTM-Transformer[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2026, 46(10): 3191-3198.
滕雨轩, 蒋从锋, 刘俊明, 徐传奇. 基于LSTM-Transformer的小型风冷数据中心电源使用效率预测[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2026, 46(10): 3191-3198.
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URL: https://www.joca.cn/EN/10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025080944
| 设备 | 占比 | 设备 | 占比 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 制冷设备 | 40 | 配电单元 | 5 |
| IT设备 | 35 | 开关和发电机 | 2 |
| UPS | 18 |
Tab. 1 Composition of energy consumption in data center
| 设备 | 占比 | 设备 | 占比 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 制冷设备 | 40 | 配电单元 | 5 |
| IT设备 | 35 | 开关和发电机 | 2 |
| UPS | 18 |
| 特征 | 维度 | 预处理 |
|---|---|---|
| 环境参数 | 6 | Z-score标准化 |
| 设备参数 | 2 | 归一化处理 |
| 历史前一时刻PUE | 1 | 直接拼接 |
Tab. 2 Model input features
| 特征 | 维度 | 预处理 |
|---|---|---|
| 环境参数 | 6 | Z-score标准化 |
| 设备参数 | 2 | 归一化处理 |
| 历史前一时刻PUE | 1 | 直接拼接 |
| 特征代码 | 物理意义 | 值域 |
|---|---|---|
| AC_dehumidify | 精密空调平均除湿状态 | 0~500 |
| AC_humidify | 精密空调平均加湿状态 | 0~1 000 |
| IT_power | IT设备能耗/kW | 38~46 |
| T_room | 机房平均温度/℃ | 24~28 |
| H_room | 机房平均湿度/% | 35~45 |
| T_power | 动力间温度/℃ | 23~27 |
| H_power | 动力间湿度/% | 40~50 |
| AC_air | 空调回风温度/℃ | 22~26 |
| 前一时刻PUE数值 | 1.5~2.0 |
Tab. 3 Feature code description
| 特征代码 | 物理意义 | 值域 |
|---|---|---|
| AC_dehumidify | 精密空调平均除湿状态 | 0~500 |
| AC_humidify | 精密空调平均加湿状态 | 0~1 000 |
| IT_power | IT设备能耗/kW | 38~46 |
| T_room | 机房平均温度/℃ | 24~28 |
| H_room | 机房平均湿度/% | 35~45 |
| T_power | 动力间温度/℃ | 23~27 |
| H_power | 动力间湿度/% | 40~50 |
| AC_air | 空调回风温度/℃ | 22~26 |
| 前一时刻PUE数值 | 1.5~2.0 |
| 超参数 | 参数候选值 |
|---|---|
| 学习率 | 0.001,0.01 |
| 批量大小 | 32,64 |
| Dropout率 | [0.2,0.4] |
| LSTM隐藏层维度 | 64,128 |
| LSTM隐藏层层数 | 1,2 |
| Transformer隐藏层维度 | 64,128 |
| Transformer层数 | 1,2 |
| 训练轮数 | [ |
Tab. 4 Hyperparameter ranges
| 超参数 | 参数候选值 |
|---|---|
| 学习率 | 0.001,0.01 |
| 批量大小 | 32,64 |
| Dropout率 | [0.2,0.4] |
| LSTM隐藏层维度 | 64,128 |
| LSTM隐藏层层数 | 1,2 |
| Transformer隐藏层维度 | 64,128 |
| Transformer层数 | 1,2 |
| 训练轮数 | [ |
| 序号 | 输入特征 | 序号 | 输入特征 | 序号 | 输入特征 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IT机房温度1(位置1) | 9 | IT机房温度5(位置5) | 17 | 精密空调1除湿状态 |
| 2 | IT机房湿度1(位置1) | 10 | IT机房湿度5(位置5) | 18 | 精密空调1加湿状态 |
| 3 | IT机房温度2(位置2) | 11 | IT机房温度6(位置6) | 19 | 精密空调2回风温度 |
| 4 | IT机房湿度2(位置2) | 12 | IT机房湿度6(位置6) | 20 | 精密空调2除湿状态 |
| 5 | IT机房温度3(位置3) | 13 | 动力间温度 | 21 | 精密空调2加湿状态 |
| 6 | IT机房湿度3(位置3) | 14 | 动力间湿度 | 22 | 精密空调3回风温度 |
| 7 | IT机房温度4(位置4) | 15 | IT负载 | 23 | 精密空调3除湿状态 |
| 8 | IT机房湿度4(位置4) | 16 | 精密空调1回风温度 | 24 | 精密空调3加湿状态 |
Tab. 5 Original acquisition features
| 序号 | 输入特征 | 序号 | 输入特征 | 序号 | 输入特征 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IT机房温度1(位置1) | 9 | IT机房温度5(位置5) | 17 | 精密空调1除湿状态 |
| 2 | IT机房湿度1(位置1) | 10 | IT机房湿度5(位置5) | 18 | 精密空调1加湿状态 |
| 3 | IT机房温度2(位置2) | 11 | IT机房温度6(位置6) | 19 | 精密空调2回风温度 |
| 4 | IT机房湿度2(位置2) | 12 | IT机房湿度6(位置6) | 20 | 精密空调2除湿状态 |
| 5 | IT机房温度3(位置3) | 13 | 动力间温度 | 21 | 精密空调2加湿状态 |
| 6 | IT机房湿度3(位置3) | 14 | 动力间湿度 | 22 | 精密空调3回风温度 |
| 7 | IT机房温度4(位置4) | 15 | IT负载 | 23 | 精密空调3除湿状态 |
| 8 | IT机房湿度4(位置4) | 16 | 精密空调1回风温度 | 24 | 精密空调3加湿状态 |
| 采集时间 | 温度1/℃ | 温度2/℃ | … | 湿度1/% | 湿度2/% | … | 动力间温度/℃ | 动力间湿度/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-03-13 T 00:00:08 | 25.2 | 22.3 | … | 40.7 | 46.8 | … | 23.2 | 42.5 |
| 2023-03-13 T 00:00:28 | 25.2 | 22.3 | … | 40.8 | 46.6 | … | 23.2 | 42.5 |
| 2023-03-13 T 00:00:48 | 25.2 | 22.3 | … | 40.7 | 46.6 | … | 23.1 | 42.5 |
| ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ||
| 2023-03-13 T 23:59:06 | 24.6 | 22.5 | … | 40.4 | 44.9 | … | 23.1 | 41.7 |
| 2023-03-13 T 23:59:26 | 24.6 | 22.5 | … | 40.4 | 44.9 | … | 23.1 | 41.7 |
Tab. 6 Dataset of typical air-cooled data center samples
| 采集时间 | 温度1/℃ | 温度2/℃ | … | 湿度1/% | 湿度2/% | … | 动力间温度/℃ | 动力间湿度/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-03-13 T 00:00:08 | 25.2 | 22.3 | … | 40.7 | 46.8 | … | 23.2 | 42.5 |
| 2023-03-13 T 00:00:28 | 25.2 | 22.3 | … | 40.8 | 46.6 | … | 23.2 | 42.5 |
| 2023-03-13 T 00:00:48 | 25.2 | 22.3 | … | 40.7 | 46.6 | … | 23.1 | 42.5 |
| ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ||
| 2023-03-13 T 23:59:06 | 24.6 | 22.5 | … | 40.4 | 44.9 | … | 23.1 | 41.7 |
| 2023-03-13 T 23:59:26 | 24.6 | 22.5 | … | 40.4 | 44.9 | … | 23.1 | 41.7 |
| 特征 | 重要性 |
|---|---|
| 精密空调平均除湿状态 | 0.361 364 |
| 精密空调平均加湿状态 | 0.323 583 |
| IT负载 | 0.114 897 |
| 动力间湿度 | 0.069 061 |
| IT机房室内平均温度 | 0.038 526 |
| IT机房室内平均湿度 | 0.033 612 |
| 空调平均回风温度 | 0.029 897 |
| 动力间温度 | 0.029 060 |
Tab. 7 Features with rank-eight importance
| 特征 | 重要性 |
|---|---|
| 精密空调平均除湿状态 | 0.361 364 |
| 精密空调平均加湿状态 | 0.323 583 |
| IT负载 | 0.114 897 |
| 动力间湿度 | 0.069 061 |
| IT机房室内平均温度 | 0.038 526 |
| IT机房室内平均湿度 | 0.033 612 |
| 空调平均回风温度 | 0.029 897 |
| 动力间温度 | 0.029 060 |
| 模型 | MSE | MAE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FNN[ | 0.002 3 | 0.034 8 | 0.881 3 |
| RF[ | 0.001 7 | 0.029 5 | 0.908 8 |
| GRU[ | 0.001 6 | 0.030 0 | 0.913 2 |
| LSTM[ | 0.001 5 | 0.029 9 | 0.906 7 |
| Transformer[ | 0.003 3 | 0.039 2 | 0.822 0 |
| LSTM-Transformer | 0.000 7 | 0.021 4 | 0.958 3 |
Tab. 8 Model prediction effects
| 模型 | MSE | MAE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FNN[ | 0.002 3 | 0.034 8 | 0.881 3 |
| RF[ | 0.001 7 | 0.029 5 | 0.908 8 |
| GRU[ | 0.001 6 | 0.030 0 | 0.913 2 |
| LSTM[ | 0.001 5 | 0.029 9 | 0.906 7 |
| Transformer[ | 0.003 3 | 0.039 2 | 0.822 0 |
| LSTM-Transformer | 0.000 7 | 0.021 4 | 0.958 3 |
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