Cross-chain privacy protection scheme of consortium blockchain based on improved notary mechanism

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2022111641

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (10): 3028-3037.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2022111641

• Blockchain technology • Previous Articles

Cross-chain privacy protection scheme of consortium blockchain based on improved notary mechanism

Xiaohan GUO¹^,²^,³(), Zhongyuan YAO¹^,²^,³, Yong ZHANG¹^,²^,³, Shangkun GUO¹^,²^,³, Chao WANG¹^,²^,³, Xueming SI¹^,³

^1.The Frontier Information Technology Research Institute，Zhongyuan University of Technology，Zhengzhou Henan 450007，China
^2.Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology （Information Engineering University），Zhengzhou Henan 450001，China
^3.Henan International Joint Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Sharing （Zhongyuan University of Technology），Zhengzhou Henan 450007，China

Received:2022-11-02 Revised:2022-12-02 Accepted:2022-12-13 Online:2023-05-08 Published:2023-10-10
Contact: Xiaohan GUO
About author:YAO Zhongyuan， born in 1988， Ph. D.， lecturer. His research interests include cryptology， blockchain.
ZHANG Yong， born in 1995， M. S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain.
GUO Shangkun， born in 1998， M. S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain.
WANG Chao， born in 1998， M. S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain.
SI Xueming， born in 1966， professor. His research interests include blockchain， cybersecurity.
Supported by:
Major Public Welfare Project of Henan Province(201300210300);Research Project of Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology(LNCT2021-A14);Key Science and Technology Project of Henan Province(222102210168)

基于改进公证人机制的联盟链跨链隐私保护方案

郭晓涵¹^,²^,³(), 姚中原¹^,²^,³, 张勇¹^,²^,³, 郭尚坤¹^,²^,³, 王超¹^,²^,³, 斯雪明¹^,³

^1.中原工学院前沿信息技术研究院, 郑州 450007
^2.河南省网络密码技术重点实验室(信息工程大学), 郑州 450001
^3.河南省区块链与数据共享国际联合实验室(中原工学院), 郑州 450007

通讯作者: 郭晓涵
作者简介:姚中原（1988—），男，河南固始人，讲师，博士，CCF会员，主要研究方向：密码学、区块链
张勇（1995—），男，四川内江人，硕士研究生，CCF会员，主要研究方向：区块链
郭尚坤（1998—），男，山东菏泽人，硕士研究生，CCF会员，主要研究方向：区块链
王超（1998—），男，河南林州人，硕士研究生，CCF会员，主要研究方向：区块链
斯雪明（1966—），男，浙江诸暨人，教授，CCF会员，主要研究方向：区块链、网络安全。
基金资助:
河南省重大公益专项(201300210300);河南省网络密码技术重点实验室研究课题(LNCT2021?A14);河南省科技攻关项目(222102210168)

Abstract

Abstract:

Cross-chain interaction of consortium blockchain not only enhances the function of the application of consortium blockchain， but also expands the scope of usage of the application， so that it is of great significance to the application promotion and industrial development of consortium blockchain. However， the cross-chain interaction of consortium blockchain still has the privacy disclosure problems of user identity and asset transaction information at present， which has become a major factor hindering the wide application of the cross-chain interaction technology of consortium blockchain. In view of the above problems， a cross-chain privacy protection scheme for consortium blockchain assets based on improved notary mechanism was proposed. In the scheme， a hash locking mechanism was introduced at the contract layer to improve the traditional single-signature notary cross-chain method at first， so as to reduce the risk of the traditional notary mechanism centralizing and doing evil. Then， the characteristics of homomorphic encryption were used to realize the usability and invisibility of transaction assets under the premise of ensuring the legitimacy of transactions. At the same time， the identity-based cryptographic algorithm of multi-Key Generation Center （KGC） mode was used to protect the user identity privacy at the network layer. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed scheme has a good privacy protection effect on the user identity information and asset information in the cross-chain interaction of consortium blockchain， and this scheme has lower overhead in signature and verification than other similar schemes.

Key words: blockchain, notary, hash locking, homomorphic encryption, Identity-Based Cryptography (IBC), privacy protection

摘要：

联盟链跨链交互既增强了联盟链应用的功能，又扩展了应用的使用范围，因此对促进联盟链应用推广和产业发展意义重大。然而，目前联盟链跨链交互依然存在着用户身份和资产交易信息隐私泄露的问题，进而阻碍了联盟链跨链交互技术的广泛应用。针对以上问题，提出一个基于改进公证人机制的联盟链资产跨链隐私保护方案。首先，在合约层引入哈希锁定机制来改进传统的单签名公证人跨链方式，从而降低传统公证人机制中心化作恶的风险；其次，利用同态加密的特性在保证交易合法的前提下，实现对交易资产的可用不可见；同时，利用多密钥生成中心（KGC）模式的标识密码算法实现在网络层上的用户身份隐私保护。理论分析和实验结果表明，所提方案对联盟链跨链交互时交易中的用户身份信息和资产信息具有良好的隐私保护效果，且相较于其他同类方案在签名和验证方面的开销更低。

关键词: 区块链, 公证人, 哈希锁定, 同态加密, 标识密码, 隐私保护

CLC Number:

TP309

Xiaohan GUO, Zhongyuan YAO, Yong ZHANG, Shangkun GUO, Chao WANG, Xueming SI. Cross-chain privacy protection scheme of consortium blockchain based on improved notary mechanism[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2023, 43(10): 3028-3037.

郭晓涵, 姚中原, 张勇, 郭尚坤, 王超, 斯雪明. 基于改进公证人机制的联盟链跨链隐私保护方案[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2023, 43(10): 3028-3037.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig. 1 Blockchain architecture model

Fig. 2 Hash locking flow

Fig. 3 System architecture model of the proposed scheme

Fig. 4 Node composition of the proposed scheme

Fig. 5 KGC consortium assigning account addresses and private keys

Fig. 6 Notary mechanism based on hash locking

Fig. 7 Specific flow of the proposed scheme

Tab. 1 Function symbols and their meanings

符号	含义
$K e y_G e n e r a t e s i z e$	Paillier同态加密密钥生成算法，生成大小为size的密钥
$E n c A d d k, M$	利用公共参数 $k$ 和地址 $A d d r e s s$ 对消息 $M$ 加密
$D e c A d d k, C T$	利用公共参数k解密消息CT
$S i g s k M$	利用地址对应私钥 $s k$ 对消息 $M$ 签名
$V e r i f y (k, M)$	签名验证函数，验证成功返回1，验证失败返回0
$E n c p$	利用Paillier算法公钥加密消息
$G e t_B a l a n c e$	获取当前账户余额

Tab. 1 Function symbols and their meanings

符号	含义
$K e y_G e n e r a t e s i z e$	Paillier同态加密密钥生成算法，生成大小为size的密钥
$E n c A d d k, M$	利用公共参数 $k$ 和地址 $A d d r e s s$ 对消息 $M$ 加密
$D e c A d d k, C T$	利用公共参数k解密消息CT
$S i g s k M$	利用地址对应私钥 $s k$ 对消息 $M$ 签名
$V e r i f y (k, M)$	签名验证函数，验证成功返回1，验证失败返回0
$E n c p$	利用Paillier算法公钥加密消息
$G e t_B a l a n c e$	获取当前账户余额

Fig. 8 Transaction flows in chain A and B

Tab. 2 Comparison of efficiency and privacy protection between the proposed scheme and similar privacy protection schemes

方案	签名开销	加密开销	验证开销	身份隐私保护	交易隐私保护
文献［18］方案	$2 T i m + T i E$	无	$T i m + 3 T i B i$	有	无
文献［19］方案	$T i M E + h$	$2 T i M E + T i M o$	$19 T i M E + 8 T i M o + h$	有	有
文献［20］方案	$2 T i M o + T i B i + T i M E$	无	$T i M o + 3 T i B i + 2 T i M E$	有	有
本文方案	$2 T i m + T i E$	$6 T i E + 2 T i B i + 3 T i M o + 3 h$	$4 T i M E + 3 T i B i + 2 T i M o + T i m$	有	有

Tab. 2 Comparison of efficiency and privacy protection between the proposed scheme and similar privacy protection schemes

方案	签名开销	加密开销	验证开销	身份隐私保护	交易隐私保护
文献［18］方案	$2 T i m + T i E$	无	$T i m + 3 T i B i$	有	无
文献［19］方案	$T i M E + h$	$2 T i M E + T i M o$	$19 T i M E + 8 T i M o + h$	有	有
文献［20］方案	$2 T i M o + T i B i + T i M E$	无	$T i M o + 3 T i B i + 2 T i M E$	有	有
本文方案	$2 T i m + T i E$	$6 T i E + 2 T i B i + 3 T i M o + 3 h$	$4 T i M E + 3 T i B i + 2 T i M o + T i m$	有	有

Tab. 3 Account information

项目	内容
用户ID	201508020116
链上账户地址	13de33c9f3246dc51efc345fd6a8780b1ced68e73c81115ebb8b2c715d7b853c
用户签名私钥	03420004512865bf1280168a8a4fee7393f22a95c19b68aa2d5c07378ca65fd485f324a61ef981952e807cb93202c789e 04b1aa4690d3693df780c00801fd0f73912abce
用户加密私钥	03818200040f7884b3ff527f06ffc493299bcf46adbf5dac3634e5098dd14baa21c93d6ed517859537951558b296aacdde 6507f3508f5254056fa3601a63b13274ab9691780b2f4a650b40d2a800fc39a2bde09266d4028ae0e92a725d6bd8e891c 7a32a076fa2064cc591811c0015db46f93d8f9de8c60e70993c1462aee113c9df314638

Fig. 9 Time consumption of homomorphic encryption and decryption

Fig. 10 Time consumption of SM9 algorithm

Tab. 4 Average time consumed by different algorithms

算法	平均耗时
SM9_Encrypt	141.45
SM9_Decrypt	577.33
SM9_Sign	131.48
SM9_Verify	681.50
Paillier_Encrypt	25.55
Paillier_Decrypt	27.75

Fig. 11 Results of homomorphic encryption

Fig. 12 Comparison of on-chain and off-chain results

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Cross-chain privacy protection scheme of consortium blockchain based on improved notary mechanism

基于改进公证人机制的联盟链跨链隐私保护方案

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