Survey of event extraction

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2021081542

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (10): 2975-2989.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2021081542

Special Issue: 人工智能；综述

• Artificial intelligence • Next Articles

Survey of event extraction

Chunming MA¹, Xiuhong LI¹, Zhe LI², Huiru WANG¹, Dan YANG¹

^1.College of Information Science and Engineering，Xinjiang University，Urumqi Xinjiang 830046，China
^2.Department of Electronic and Information Engineering，The Hong Kong Polytechnic University，Hong Kong 999077，China

Received:2021-08-31 Revised:2021-12-08 Accepted:2021-12-09 Online:2022-10-14 Published:2022-10-10
Contact: Xiuhong LI
About author:MA Chunming， born in 1997， M. S. candidate. His research interests include natural language processing， event extraction.
LI Xiuhong， born in 1977， Ph. D. ， associate professor. Her research interests include natural language processing， image processing.
LI Xiuhong， born in 1977， Ph. D. ， associate professor. Her research interests include natural language processing， image processing.
LI Zhe， born in 1992， Ph. D. candidate. His research interests include speaker recognition， multi-modal semantic analysis.
WANG Huiru， born in 1996， M. S. candidate. Her research interests include natural language processing， image processing.
YANG Dan， born in 1996， M. S. candidate. Her research interests include natural language processing， image processing.
Supported by:
Scientific Research Key Project of National Language Commission(ZDI135-96)

事件抽取综述

马春明¹, 李秀红¹, 李哲², 王惠茹¹, 杨丹¹

^1.新疆大学信息科学与工程学院，乌鲁木齐 830046
^2.香港理工大学电子及资讯工程学系，香港 999077

通讯作者: 李秀红
作者简介:第一联系人：马春明（1997—），男，四川绵阳人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：自然语言处理、事件抽取
李秀红（1977—），女，山东威海人，副教授，博士，主要研究方向：自然语言处理、图像处理 xjulxh@xju.edu.cn
李哲（1992—），男，山东泰安人，博士研究生，主要研究方向：说话人识别、多模态语义分析
王惠茹（1996—），女，新疆伊犁人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：自然语言处理、图像处理
杨丹（1996—），女，四川南充人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：自然语言处理、图像处理。
基金资助:
国家语委科研重点项目(ZDI135-96)

Abstract

Abstract:

The event that the user is interested in is extracted from the unstructured information， and then displayed to the user in a structured way， that is event extraction. Event extraction has a wide range of applications in information collection， information retrieval， document synthesis， and information questioning and answering. From the overall perspective， event extraction algorithms can be divided into four categories： pattern matching algorithms， trigger lexical methods， ontology-based algorithms， and cutting-edge joint model methods. In the research process， different evaluation methods and datasets can be used according to the related needs， and different event representation methods are also related to event extraction research. Distinguished by task type， meta-event extraction and subject event extraction are the two basic tasks of event extraction. Among them， meta-event extraction has three methods based on pattern matching， machine learning and neural network respectively， while there are two ways to extract subjective events： based on the event framework and based on ontology respectively. Event extraction research has achieved excellent results in single languages such as Chinese and English， but cross-language event extraction still faces many problems. Finally， the related works of event extraction were summarized and the future research directions were prospected in order to provide guidelines for subsequent research.

Key words: event extraction, event representation, meta-event extraction, subject event extraction, cross-language event extraction

摘要：

将用户感兴趣的事件从非结构化信息中提取出来，然后以结构化的方式展示给用户，这就是事件抽取。事件抽取在信息收集、信息检索、文档合成、信息问答等方面有着广泛应用。从全局出发，事件抽取算法可以分为基于模式匹配的算法、触发词法、基于本体的算法以及前沿联合模型方法这四类。在研究过程中根据相关需求可使用不同评价方法和数据集，而不同的事件表示方法也与事件抽取研究有一定联系；以任务类型区分，元事件抽取和主题事件抽取是事件抽取的两大基本任务。其中，元事件抽取有基于模式匹配、基于机器学习和基于神经网络这三种方式，而主题事件抽取有基于事件框架和基于本体两种方式。事件抽取研究在中英等单语言上均已取得了优秀成果，而跨语言事件抽取依然面临着许多问题。最后，总结了事件抽取的相关工作并提出未来研究方向，以期为后续研究提供参考。

关键词: 事件抽取, 事件表示, 元事件抽取, 主题事件抽取, 跨语言事件抽取

CLC Number:

TP391.1

Chunming MA, Xiuhong LI, Zhe LI, Huiru WANG, Dan YANG. Survey of event extraction[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2022, 42(10): 2975-2989.

马春明, 李秀红, 李哲, 王惠茹, 杨丹. 事件抽取综述[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2022, 42(10): 2975-2989.

Figures/Tables 20

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	1P	DUAL	ADJ	1P	DUAL	ADJ	1P	DUAL	ADJ	1P	DUAL	ADJ
合计	334 121	325 834	307 991	687	671	633	112 233	103 504	100 114	433	409	403
NW	127 319	124 175	121 797	248	242	238	61 287	56 158	53 026	239	226	221
BN	134 963	133 696	120 513	332	328	298	29 259	27 165	26 907	134	128	127
WL	71 839	68 063	65 681	107	101	97	21 687	20 181	20 181	60	55	55

源	中文						阿拉伯文
	chars			files			words			files
	1P	DUAL	ADJ	1P	DUAL	ADJ	1P	DUAL	ADJ	1P	DUAL	ADJ
合计	334 121	325 834	307 991	687	671	633	112 233	103 504	100 114	433	409	403
NW	127 319	124 175	121 797	248	242	238	61 287	56 158	53 026	239	226	221
BN	134 963	133 696	120 513	332	328	298	29 259	27 165	26 907	134	128	127
WL	71 839	68 063	65 681	107	101	97	21 687	20 181	20 181	60	55	55

方法	类别	R	P	F
文献［2］方法	训练	43.06	58.29	49.53
文献［2］方法	测试	38.91	52.36	44.64
文献［37］方法	训练	57.14	64.22	60.48
文献［37］方法	测试	54.86	69.29	61.24

Survey of event extraction

事件抽取综述

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Figures/Tables 20

References 62

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方法	语料库类别	训练次数	正面测试语料库		负面测试语料库		准确率/%
方法	语料库类别	训练次数	所有分类文档	正确分类文档	所有分类文档	正确分类文档	准确率/%
基于支持向量机	中奖欺诈	57	58	46	58	42	74.1
	网络色情	36	36	32	36	27	81.9
	非法交易	49	48	41	48	36	80.2
基于事件本体和支持向量机	中奖欺诈	57	58	52	58	45	83.6
	网络色情	36	36	34	36	28	86.1
	非法交易	49	48	43	48	39	85.4

事件类别	类别	P	R	F
8类事件类别	测试	81.65	73.62	77.43
8类事件类别	训练	84.34	75.79	79.84
33类事件子类别	测试	74.24	65.34	69.51
33类事件子类别	训练	76.35	64.26	69.79

模型	ACE2005												TAC2005
	事件触发识别			事件触发分类			事件参数识别			参数角色分类			事件触发识别			事件触发分类
	P	R	F	P	R	F	P	R	F	P	R	F	P	R	F	P	R	F
MEM^［35］	73.1	65.4	69.0	70.1	63.3	66.5	75.0	20.3	31.9	71.0	19.3	30.3	69.7	46.8	56.0	65.4	44.5	53.0
DMCNN^［5］	79.6	67.2	72.9	74.3	62.9	68.1	69.1	51.8	59.2	62.8	45.0	52.4	77.4	48.7	59.8	71.3	45.8	55.8
HPNet^［44］	81.3	77.2	79.2	80.1	75.7	77.8	70.2	53.8	60.9	64.6	50.7	56.8	78.2	55.6	65.0	70.9	54.8	61.8

方法	P	R	F
文献［41］方法	71.8	66.4	69.0
文献［5］方法	75.6	63.6	69.1
文献［40］方法	75.3	64.4	69.4
ANN^［45］	79.5	60.7	68.8
ANN+FrameNet^［45］	77.6	65.2	70.7

方法	触发识别			触发标签			参数识别			参数标签
方法	P	R	F	P	R	F	P	R	F	P	R	F
基于词语	68.1	52.7	59.4	65.7	50.9	57.4	56.1	38.2	45.4	53.1	36.2	43.1
基于字符	82.4	50.6	62.7	78.8	48.3	59.9	64.4	36.4	46.5	60.6	34.3	43.8

事件抽取任务	分类	特点
事件表示	离散的事件表示	事件表示为由事件元素构成的元组；面临稀疏性的问题
事件表示	稠密的事件表示	以预训练的词向量为基础；根据事件结构对事件元素的词向量进行语义组合；为事件计算低维、稠密的向量表示
元事件抽取	基于模式匹配的元事件抽取	在特定领域内产生更好的结果；系统的可移植性不好；需要建模，既费时又费力
	基于机器学习的元事件抽取	分类简短，大部分是完整的句子；由于是事件表述语句，因此语句中包含的信息量很大
	基于神经网络的元事件抽取	一种有监督多元分类任务；抽取方法包括2个步骤：特征选择和分类模型
主题事件抽取	基于事件框架的主题事件抽取	通过定义结构化、层次化的事件框架来指导主题事件的抽取；利用框架来概括事件信息
主题事件抽取	基于本体的主题事件抽取	根据本体所描述的概念、关系、层次结构、实例等来抽取待抽取文本中所包含的侧面事件及相关实体信息
跨语言事件抽取	中文事件抽取	中文语言词语间没有显式间隔，而分词会带明显的错误和误差；存在触发词分词不一致、数据稀疏问题
	英文事件抽取	核心和主流方法是基于统计和机器学习的方法
	跨语言事件抽取	在多种语言上进行训练，并利用依赖于语言的特征和不依赖于语言的特征来提高性能

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