High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted videos based on histogram shifting

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2021101722

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11): 3633-3638.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2021101722

Special Issue: 网络空间安全

• Cyber security • Previous Articles

High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted videos based on histogram shifting

Pei CHEN¹^,², Shuaiwei ZHANG³, Yangping LIN¹, Ke NIU¹^,²(), Xiaoyuan YANG¹^,²

^1.Key Laboratory of Network & Information Security Under the PAP（Engineering University of PAP），Xi’an Shaanxi 710086，China
^2.College of Cryptographic Engineering，Engineering University of PAP，Xi’an Shaanxi 710086，China
^3.Institute of Equipment and Technology，Academy of PAP，Beijing 100012，China

Received:2021-10-09 Revised:2021-12-23 Accepted:2021-12-27 Online:2022-04-18 Published:2022-11-10
Contact: Ke NIU
About author:CHEN Pei， born in 1998， M. S. candidate. His research interests include information hiding.
ZHANG Shuaiwei， born in 1991，Ph. D.， engineer. His research interests include information security， unmanned equipment.
NIU Ke， born in 1981，Ph. D.， associate professor. His research interests include information hiding， multimedia security.
YANG Xiaoyuan， born in 1959， professor. His research interests include information security， cryptography.
First author contact:LIN Yangpin， born in 1998， M. S. candidate. His research interests include information hiding.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(61872384)

基于直方图平移的视频密文域大容量可逆信息隐藏

陈培¹^,², 张帅伟³, 林洋平¹, 钮可¹^,²(), 杨晓元¹^,²

^1.网络与信息安全武警部队重点实验室(武警工程大学), 西安 710086
^2.武警工程大学密码工程学院, 西安 710086
^3.武警部队研究院装备技术研究所, 北京 100012

通讯作者: 钮可
作者简介:陈培（1998—），男，福建仙游人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：信息隐藏
张帅伟（1991—），男，陕西西安人，工程师，博士，主要研究方向：信息安全、无人装备
林洋平（1998—），男，四川绵阳人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：信息隐藏
钮可（1981—），男，浙江湖州人，副教授，博士，主要研究方向：信息隐藏、多媒体安全 niuke@163.com
杨晓元（1959—），男，湖南湘潭人，教授，主要研究方向：信息安全、密码学。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(61872384)

Abstract

Abstract:

Aiming at the low embedding capacity of Reversible Data Hiding （RDH） in encrypted videos， a high-capacity RDH scheme in encrypted videos based on histogram shifting was proposed. Firstly， 4×4 luminance intra-prediction mode and the sign bits of Motion Vector Difference （MVD） were encrypted by stream cipher， and then a two-dimensional histogram of MVD was constructed， and （0，0） symmetric histogram shifting algorithm was designed. Finally，（0，0） symmetric histogram shifting algorithm was carried out in the encrypted MVD domain to realize separable RDH in encrypted videos. Experimental results show that the embedding capacity of the proposed scheme is increased by 263.3% on average compared with the comparison schemes， the average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio （PSNR） of encrypted video is less than 15.956 dB， and the average PSNR of decrypted video with secret can reach more than 30 dB. The proposed scheme effectively improves the embedding capacity and is suitable for more types of video sequences.

Key words: Reversible Data Hiding (RDH), video encryption, histogram shifting, high-capacity, Motion Vector Difference (MVD)

摘要：

针对视频密文域可逆信息隐藏（RDH）嵌入容量不高的问题，提出一种基于直方图平移的视频密文域大容量可逆信息隐藏方案。首先，利用流密码算法对4×4亮度帧内预测模式和运动矢量差值（MVD）的符号位进行加密，形成视频密文域；其次，构造MVD的二维直方图，设计关于（0，0）对称的直方图平移算法；最后，在MVD密文域中进行直方图平移，实现可分离的视频密文域可逆信息隐藏。实验结果表明，与对比方案相比，所提方案的嵌入容量平均提升263.3%，加密视频的平均峰值信噪比（PSNR）最高不超过15.956 dB，含密的解密视频的平均PSNR均能达到30 dB以上。所提方案可以有效提升嵌入容量，适用于更多类型的视频序列。

关键词: 可逆信息隐藏, 视频加密, 直方图平移, 大容量, 运动矢量差值

CLC Number:

TP309.2

Pei CHEN, Shuaiwei ZHANG, Yangping LIN, Ke NIU, Xiaoyuan YANG. High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted videos based on histogram shifting[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2022, 42(11): 3633-3638.

陈培, 张帅伟, 林洋平, 钮可, 杨晓元. 基于直方图平移的视频密文域大容量可逆信息隐藏[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2022, 42(11): 3633-3638.

Figures/Tables 12

Tab. 1 Percentage points of different MVDs in each video sequence

视频序列	不同MVD分布占比/%
视频序列	（0，0）	（0，1）	（0，-1）	（1，0）	（-1，0）	（±1，±1）
foreman	14.02	3.20	3.48	8.83	2.56	10.23
carphone	12.75	3.77	2.83	4.73	5.29	8.08
salesman	57.28	5.73	5.09	7.26	4.57	5.46
container	63.67	5.77	14.91	4.27	4.80	3.23
city	1.78	0.96	0.36	0.46	0.36	0.77
coastguard	6.51	2.16	2.75	2.36	1.78	1.45
news	69.68	4.95	2.35	3.00	3.63	2.72

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of embedding strategy for conventional and improved 2DHS algorithms

Fig. 2 Flowchart of proposed scheme

Fig. 3 Flowchart of encoding IPM

Tab. 2 4×4 luminance IPM encoding rules

模式	编码码字	模式	编码码字	模式	编码码字
0	000	3	011	6	101
1	001	4	—	7	110
2	010	5	100	8	111

Tab. 3 Exp-Golomb coding features

MVD	Exp-Golomb码	MVD	Exp-Golomb码
0	1	3，-3	00110，00111
1，-1	010，011	4，-4	0001000，0001001
2，-2	00100，00101

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of shifting of embedding algorithm

Tab. 4 PSNR comparison of encryption algorithms in this paper and literature ［9］

视频序列	原始PSNR	文献［9］算法	本文算法
foreman	38.919	18.518	11.499
carphone	39.833	20.017	12.406
salesman	38.060	24.389	15.338
container	38.689	25.030	9.655
city	38.901	19.357	15.956
coastguard	37.233	20.931	13.186
news	39.135	23.047	12.047

Fig. 5 Comparison between before and after encryption by proposed algorithm

Tab. 5 Embedding capacity comparison of algorithms

视频序列	文献［9］算法	文献［7］算法		本文算法
视频序列	$E C$ /bit	$E C$ /bit	$Δ E C$ /%	$E C$ /bit	$Δ E C$ /%
foreman	5 688	7 710	+35.6	9 982	+75.5
carphone	4 312	5 671	+31.5	9 049	+109.9
salesman	1 717	2 029	+18.2	8 939	+420.6
container	730	803	+10.0	6 367	+772.2
city	3 866	5 645	+46.0	4 316	+11.6
coastguard	4 766	6 852	+43.8	12 929	+171.2
news	1 391	1 717	+23.4	5 318	+282.3

Tab. 5 Embedding capacity comparison of algorithms

视频序列	文献［9］算法	文献［7］算法		本文算法
视频序列	$E C$ /bit	$E C$ /bit	$Δ E C$ /%	$E C$ /bit	$Δ E C$ /%
foreman	5 688	7 710	+35.6	9 982	+75.5
carphone	4 312	5 671	+31.5	9 049	+109.9
salesman	1 717	2 029	+18.2	8 939	+420.6
container	730	803	+10.0	6 367	+772.2
city	3 866	5 645	+46.0	4 316	+11.6
coastguard	4 766	6 852	+43.8	12 929	+171.2
news	1 391	1 717	+23.4	5 318	+282.3

Tab. 6 Average PSNR comparison of each algorithm

视频序列	文献［9］算法	文献［7］算法		本文算法
视频序列	$R P S N R$ /dB	$R P S N R$ /dB	$Δ R P S N R$ /%	$R P S N R$ /dB	$Δ R P S N R$ /%
foreman	34.07	33.04	-3.01	31.55	-7.40
carphone	35.72	34.89	-2.33	33.80	-5.38
salesman	36.69	36.40	-0.79	35.25	-3.92
container	38.51	38.36	-0.38	33.70	-12.48
city	33.82	32.66	-3.44	31.76	-6.12
coastguard	33.24	32.70	-1.62	30.03	-9.65
news	36.68	35.89	-2.15	34.58	-5.71

Tab. 6 Average PSNR comparison of each algorithm

视频序列	文献［9］算法	文献［7］算法		本文算法
视频序列	$R P S N R$ /dB	$R P S N R$ /dB	$Δ R P S N R$ /%	$R P S N R$ /dB	$Δ R P S N R$ /%
foreman	34.07	33.04	-3.01	31.55	-7.40
carphone	35.72	34.89	-2.33	33.80	-5.38
salesman	36.69	36.40	-0.79	35.25	-3.92
container	38.51	38.36	-0.38	33.70	-12.48
city	33.82	32.66	-3.44	31.76	-6.12
coastguard	33.24	32.70	-1.62	30.03	-9.65
news	36.68	35.89	-2.15	34.58	-5.71

Fig. 6 PSNR comparison between original and extracted videos

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High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted videos based on histogram shifting

基于直方图平移的视频密文域大容量可逆信息隐藏

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