Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (10): 3017-3027.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2022111643
Special Issue: 综述; 2022 CCF中国区块链技术大会 (CCF CBCC 2022)
• Blockchain technology • Previous Articles Next Articles
					
						                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Longfei CHEN1,2( ), Zhongyuan YAO1,2, Heng PAN1,2, Gaoyuan QUAN1,2, Xueming SI1,2
), Zhongyuan YAO1,2, Heng PAN1,2, Gaoyuan QUAN1,2, Xueming SI1,2
												  
						
						
						
					
				
Received:2022-11-02
															
							
																	Revised:2022-12-02
															
							
																	Accepted:2022-12-13
															
							
							
																	Online:2023-05-08
															
							
																	Published:2023-10-10
															
							
						Contact:
								Longfei CHEN   
													About author:YAO Zhongyuan, born in 1988, Ph. D., lecturer. His research interests include cryptology, blockchain.Supported by:
        
                   
            陈龙飞1,2( ), 姚中原1,2, 潘恒1,2, 权高原1,2, 斯雪明1,2
), 姚中原1,2, 潘恒1,2, 权高原1,2, 斯雪明1,2
                  
        
        
        
        
    
通讯作者:
					陈龙飞
							作者简介:姚中原(1988—),男,河南固始人,讲师,博士,CCF会员,主要研究方向:密码学、区块链基金资助:CLC Number:
Longfei CHEN, Zhongyuan YAO, Heng PAN, Gaoyuan QUAN, Xueming SI. Cross-chain review: mechanisms, protocols, applications and challenges[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2023, 43(10): 3017-3027.
陈龙飞, 姚中原, 潘恒, 权高原, 斯雪明. 跨链综述:机制、协议、应用与挑战[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2023, 43(10): 3017-3027.
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URL: https://www.joca.cn/EN/10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2022111643
| 特性 | 哈希锁定 | 公证人 | 侧链/中继 | 
|---|---|---|---|
| 资产交换 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 
| 资产抵押 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 
| 资产转移 | 不支持 | 支持(需共同的 长期公证人) | 支持 | 
| 数据流通 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 
| 业务协同 | 不支持 | 不支持 | 支持 | 
| 实现难易 | 简单 | 中等 | 困难 | 
| 安全性 | 中 | 低 | 低 | 
| 交易速度 | 慢 | 中 | 慢 | 
| 验证模型 | 智能合约 | 公证人 | SPV | 
| 监管模型 | 不支持 | 公证人 | 中继链 | 
| 可扩展性 | 平行扩展 | 受限于公证人数 | 平行扩展 | 
| 局限性 | 应用场景单一, 仅限于数字资产 | 中心化程度高, 依赖公证人的 诚实性 | SPV无法全面 验证账本信息, 实现难度高 | 
Tab. 1 Comparative analysis of cross-chain mechanisms
| 特性 | 哈希锁定 | 公证人 | 侧链/中继 | 
|---|---|---|---|
| 资产交换 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 
| 资产抵押 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 
| 资产转移 | 不支持 | 支持(需共同的 长期公证人) | 支持 | 
| 数据流通 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 
| 业务协同 | 不支持 | 不支持 | 支持 | 
| 实现难易 | 简单 | 中等 | 困难 | 
| 安全性 | 中 | 低 | 低 | 
| 交易速度 | 慢 | 中 | 慢 | 
| 验证模型 | 智能合约 | 公证人 | SPV | 
| 监管模型 | 不支持 | 公证人 | 中继链 | 
| 可扩展性 | 平行扩展 | 受限于公证人数 | 平行扩展 | 
| 局限性 | 应用场景单一, 仅限于数字资产 | 中心化程度高, 依赖公证人的 诚实性 | SPV无法全面 验证账本信息, 实现难度高 | 
| 协议 | 可靠性 | 隐私性 | 可扩展 性 | 可监管 性 | 跨链类别 | 优势 | 劣势 | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCASP | 高 | 中 | 低 | 不支持 | 同构、异构 | 交易灵活,可随时终止 | 交易成本高 | 
| 3PP | 中 | 低 | 低 | 低 | 同构 | 兼容统一,满足一致性要求 | 无交易容错 | 
| GFAS协议 | 高 | 低 | 低 | 低 | 同构 | 有效抵御悲伤攻击 | 交易成本高,运行环境要求严格 | 
| PPCCS协议 | 中 | 高 | 低 | 不支持 | 同构 | 匿名交换 | 兼容性低,仅支持两方交换 | 
| NCASP | 高 | 低 | 中 | 低 | 同构、异构 | 交易透明高效 | 存在多个待解决问题,如密钥泄露、网络阻塞等 | 
| CBATP | 中 | 低 | 低 | 不支持 | 同构、异构 | 交易灵活,满足最终性要求 | 交易成本高 | 
| Burn-to-Claim协议 | 中 | 中 | 低 | 不支持 | 同构、异构 | 交易流程简单 | 基于安全的网络环境 | 
Tab. 2 Comparative analysis of cross-chain protocols based on hash locking mechanism
| 协议 | 可靠性 | 隐私性 | 可扩展 性 | 可监管 性 | 跨链类别 | 优势 | 劣势 | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCASP | 高 | 中 | 低 | 不支持 | 同构、异构 | 交易灵活,可随时终止 | 交易成本高 | 
| 3PP | 中 | 低 | 低 | 低 | 同构 | 兼容统一,满足一致性要求 | 无交易容错 | 
| GFAS协议 | 高 | 低 | 低 | 低 | 同构 | 有效抵御悲伤攻击 | 交易成本高,运行环境要求严格 | 
| PPCCS协议 | 中 | 高 | 低 | 不支持 | 同构 | 匿名交换 | 兼容性低,仅支持两方交换 | 
| NCASP | 高 | 低 | 中 | 低 | 同构、异构 | 交易透明高效 | 存在多个待解决问题,如密钥泄露、网络阻塞等 | 
| CBATP | 中 | 低 | 低 | 不支持 | 同构、异构 | 交易灵活,满足最终性要求 | 交易成本高 | 
| Burn-to-Claim协议 | 中 | 中 | 低 | 不支持 | 同构、异构 | 交易流程简单 | 基于安全的网络环境 | 
| 协议 | 可靠性 | 隐私性 | 可扩展性 | 可监管性 | 跨链类别 | 优势 | 劣势 | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCRM协议 | 高 | 低 | 中 | 低 | 同构、异构 | 跨链访问信息的快速验证 | 在网络不稳定的情况下延迟性高 | 
| CCCES协议 | 高 | 低 | 高 | 低 | 同构、异构 | 高移植性和高实用性 | 隐私性低 | 
| DeXTT协议 | 中 | 低 | 中 | 中 | 同构 | 交易成本低 | 应用场景有限 | 
| XCLAIM协议 | 高 | 低 | 高 | 低 | 同构 | 满足交易的原子性 | 链上代币仅满足特定智能合约要求 | 
Tab. 3 Comparative analysis of cross-chain protocols based on notary mechanism
| 协议 | 可靠性 | 隐私性 | 可扩展性 | 可监管性 | 跨链类别 | 优势 | 劣势 | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCRM协议 | 高 | 低 | 中 | 低 | 同构、异构 | 跨链访问信息的快速验证 | 在网络不稳定的情况下延迟性高 | 
| CCCES协议 | 高 | 低 | 高 | 低 | 同构、异构 | 高移植性和高实用性 | 隐私性低 | 
| DeXTT协议 | 中 | 低 | 中 | 中 | 同构 | 交易成本低 | 应用场景有限 | 
| XCLAIM协议 | 高 | 低 | 高 | 低 | 同构 | 满足交易的原子性 | 链上代币仅满足特定智能合约要求 | 
| 协议 | 可靠性 | 隐私性 | 可扩展性 | 可监管性 | 跨链类别 | 优势 | 劣势 | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBC | 中 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 同构、异构 | 兼容性高 | 跨链通信成本高 | 
| XCMP | 高 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 同构、异构 | 跨链交互安全有序 | 系统规模小,处于实验阶段 | 
| IBTP | 中 | 低 | 高 | 中 | 同构、异构 | 中继链验证引擎高效可拔插 | 网络通信开销大 | 
| MBCCP | 高 | 中 | 低 | 低 | 同构 | 通道数据传输安全高效 | 无数据验证机制 | 
| DCTS | 中 | 低 | 高 | 中 | 同构、异构 | 可移植,不受加密货币类型限制 | 成本高,未在以太坊主网上实现 | 
| CCWM | 高 | 低 | 高 | 中 | 同构、异构 | 支持溯源查询 | 交易容错性低 | 
Tab. 4 Comparative analysis of cross-chain protocols based on sidechain/relay mechanism
| 协议 | 可靠性 | 隐私性 | 可扩展性 | 可监管性 | 跨链类别 | 优势 | 劣势 | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBC | 中 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 同构、异构 | 兼容性高 | 跨链通信成本高 | 
| XCMP | 高 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 同构、异构 | 跨链交互安全有序 | 系统规模小,处于实验阶段 | 
| IBTP | 中 | 低 | 高 | 中 | 同构、异构 | 中继链验证引擎高效可拔插 | 网络通信开销大 | 
| MBCCP | 高 | 中 | 低 | 低 | 同构 | 通道数据传输安全高效 | 无数据验证机制 | 
| DCTS | 中 | 低 | 高 | 中 | 同构、异构 | 可移植,不受加密货币类型限制 | 成本高,未在以太坊主网上实现 | 
| CCWM | 高 | 低 | 高 | 中 | 同构、异构 | 支持溯源查询 | 交易容错性低 | 
| 跨链项目 | 跨链机制 | 研究要点 | 应用场景 | 实现功能 | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cosmos | 中继 | IBC区块链间通信协议 | 不同区块链之间的跨链通信 | 资产交换、数据流通、业务协同 | 
| Polkadot | 中继 | XCMP跨链消息传递协议 | 异构的多链架构 | 资产交换、数据流通、业务协同 | 
| BitXHub | 中继 | IBTP通用的跨链传输协议 | 跨层级链间互操作服务平台 | 资产交换、数据流通、业务协同 | 
| Bancor | 智能合约 | 数字货币流动性问题 | 资产交换、数据流通 | |
| Stader | 智能合约 | 原生质押 | 资产交换、数据流通 | |
| Poly Bridge NFT | 公证人 | 跨链桥技术 | NFT交易 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
| EMR Sharing System | 公证人 | 主从多链分层跨链模型 | 医疗数据的可信共享 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
| IBE-BCIOT | 公证人 | 代理节点的选举和事务管理 | 在物联网网络环境中实现不同 区块链之间的安全高效的通信 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
| Settlement Protocol | 哈希锁定 | 智能合约 | 有效解决了金融证券系统结算 过程中安全和结算速度问题 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
| Payment Scheme | 哈希锁定 | 跨链支付通道、加密通信算法 | 能源交易系统的安全支付 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
Tab. 5 Comparative analysis of blockchain cross-chain projects
| 跨链项目 | 跨链机制 | 研究要点 | 应用场景 | 实现功能 | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cosmos | 中继 | IBC区块链间通信协议 | 不同区块链之间的跨链通信 | 资产交换、数据流通、业务协同 | 
| Polkadot | 中继 | XCMP跨链消息传递协议 | 异构的多链架构 | 资产交换、数据流通、业务协同 | 
| BitXHub | 中继 | IBTP通用的跨链传输协议 | 跨层级链间互操作服务平台 | 资产交换、数据流通、业务协同 | 
| Bancor | 智能合约 | 数字货币流动性问题 | 资产交换、数据流通 | |
| Stader | 智能合约 | 原生质押 | 资产交换、数据流通 | |
| Poly Bridge NFT | 公证人 | 跨链桥技术 | NFT交易 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
| EMR Sharing System | 公证人 | 主从多链分层跨链模型 | 医疗数据的可信共享 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
| IBE-BCIOT | 公证人 | 代理节点的选举和事务管理 | 在物联网网络环境中实现不同 区块链之间的安全高效的通信 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
| Settlement Protocol | 哈希锁定 | 智能合约 | 有效解决了金融证券系统结算 过程中安全和结算速度问题 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
| Payment Scheme | 哈希锁定 | 跨链支付通道、加密通信算法 | 能源交易系统的安全支付 | 资产交换、数据流通 | 
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