Digital content copyright protection and fair tracking scheme based on blockchain

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024060901

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 1756-1765.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024060901

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Digital content copyright protection and fair tracking scheme based on blockchain

Li’e WANG¹^,²^,³, Caiyi LIN¹^,²^,³, Yongdong LI¹^,²^,³, Xingcheng FU¹^,²^,³(), Xianxian LI¹^,²^,³

^1.Key Laboratory of Education Blockchain and Intelligent Technology，Ministry of Education （Guangxi Normal University），Guilin Guangxi 541004，China
^2.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multi-source Information Mining and Security （Guangxi Normal University），Guilin Guangxi 541004，China
^3.School of Computer Science and Engineering，Guangxi Normal University，Guilin Guangxi 541004，China

Received:2024-06-28 Revised:2024-07-26 Accepted:2024-08-02 Online:2024-08-19 Published:2025-06-10
Contact: Xingcheng FU
About author:WANG Li’e， born in 1981， Ph. D.， professor. Her research interests include data security， blockchain， recommender system， machine learning， knowledge graph.
LIN Caiyi， born in 2000， M. S. candidate. Her research interests include data security， blockchain.
LI Yongdong， born in 1995， M. S. candidate. His research interests include personalized federal learning， data security.
FU Xingcheng， born in 1988， Ph. D. His research interests include graph data mining， geometric deep learning.
LI Xianxian， born in 1969， Ph. D.， professor. His research interests include network security， data security， intelligent computing， software and formal theory.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62262003);Guangxi Science and Technology Program(AA22068070);Innovation Program of Guangxi Graduate Education(XYCSR2024099)

基于区块链的数字内容版权保护和公平追踪方案

王利娥¹^,²^,³, 林彩怡¹^,²^,³, 李永东¹^,²^,³, 傅星珵¹^,²^,³(), 李先贤¹^,²^,³

^1.教育区块链与智能技术教育部重点实验室（广西师范大学），广西桂林 541004
^2.广西多源信息挖掘与安全重点实验室（广西师范大学），广西桂林 541004
^3.广西师范大学计算机科学与工程学院，广西桂林 541004

通讯作者: 傅星珵
作者简介:王利娥（1981—），女，湖南邵阳人，教授，博士，CCF高级会员，主要研究方向：数据安全、区块链、推荐系统、机器学习、知识图谱
林彩怡（2000—），女，广东陆丰人，硕士研究生，CCF会员，主要研究方向：数据安全、区块链
李永东（1995—），男，广西贺州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：个性化联邦学习、数据安全
傅星珵（1988—），男，广西河池人，博士，CCF会员，主要研究方向：图数据挖掘、几何深度学习 fuxc@gxnu.edu.cn
李先贤（1969—），男，广西阳朔人，教授，博士，CCF高级会员，主要研究方向：网络安全、数据安全、智能计算、软件与形式化理论。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(62262003);广西科技计划项目(AA22068070);广西研究生教育创新计划项目(XYCSR2024099)

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to solve the problems that copyright owners maliciously frame purchasers up and purchasers know their own watermarks so remove them easily during the digital content copyright protection and tracking processes， a digital content copyright protection and fair tracking scheme based on blockchain was proposed. Firstly， Paillier homomorphic encryption algorithm and key distribution smart contract were used to change the purchaser’s watermark in ciphertext state， and the watermark was embedded in the encrypted digital content. Secondly， the key distribution smart contract and arbitration smart contract were called by the verification node in blockchain， which solved the single point of failure problem in the traditional copyright protection solutions. Finally， experiments were conducted to verify the performance of the proposed scheme. The results show that when the digital content size is 1 024×1 024， compared with the blockchain-enabled accountability mechanism against information leakage in vertical industry services， the proposed scheme has the total execution time of encryption and watermark embedding reduced by 94.92%， and the total decryption execution time reduced by 79.72%. It can be seen that the proposed scheme has low total time and operating costs with good efficiency， and can be widely used in the field of digital content copyright protection.

Key words: blockchain, copyright protection, fair tracking, Paillier homomorphic encryption algorithm, smart contract

摘要：

针对数字内容版权保护和追踪过程中的版权所有者恶意诬陷购买者，以及购买者知道自己的水印而进行去水印操作的问题，提出一种基于区块链的数字内容版权保护和公平追踪方案。首先，使用Paillier同态加密算法和密钥分发智能合约更改密文状态下购买者水印，并将水印嵌入加密的数字内容；其次，通过区块链中的验证节点调用密钥分发智能合约和仲裁智能合约，解决传统版权保护方案存在的单点故障问题；最后，通过实验验证所提方案的性能。结果表明，所提方案在数字内容尺寸（像素×像素）为1 024×1 024时，相较于针对垂直行业服务信息泄露的区块链问责机制，所提方案加密和嵌入水印的总时间减少了94.92%，总解密时间减少了79.72%。可见，所提方案的总时间和运行成本低，具有良好的运行效率，能够广泛用于数字内容版权保护领域。

关键词: 区块链, 版权保护, 公平追踪, Paillier同态加密算法, 智能合约

CLC Number:

TP309.2

Li’e WANG, Caiyi LIN, Yongdong LI, Xingcheng FU, Xianxian LI. Digital content copyright protection and fair tracking scheme based on blockchain[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 1756-1765.

王利娥, 林彩怡, 李永东, 傅星珵, 李先贤. 基于区块链的数字内容版权保护和公平追踪方案[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2025, 45(6): 1756-1765.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 Research motivation of digital content copyright protection and tracking

Fig.2 Framework of digital content copyright protection and fair tracking model based on blockchain

Tab. 1 Comparison of copyright protection schemes

方案	解决单点故障	版权保护	公平追踪	自动仲裁	区块链
文献［8］方案	×	√	×	×	×
文献［12］方案	√	√	×	×	√
文献［16］方案	×	√	×	√	√
文献［18］方案	√	√	×	×	√
文献［19］方案	√	√	×	×	√
本文方案	√	√	√	√	√

Tab. 2 Computational cost comparison

方案	加密操作	嵌入操作	解密操作
文献［30］方案	$(L + N 0) J M u l + N 0 A d d + 2 L G 0 + L G 1 + L T A d d$	$J G 1 + J T A d d$	$(J ⋅ N 0) M u l + N 0 A d d + (1 + J) G 1 + J D i v$
文献［31］方案	$4 G 0 + (3 L + N 0) P 0$	$L M u l + 4 L T M u l$	$(1 + N 0) P 0 + N 0 D i v$
本文方案	$(2 N 1 + 2 L + s) G 1 + N 2 E A E S$	$1 + 2 L T A d d$	$(2 + 2 N 1) G 1 + N 1 D i v + N 2 D A E S$

Tab. 2 Computational cost comparison

方案	加密操作	嵌入操作	解密操作
文献［30］方案	$(L + N 0) J M u l + N 0 A d d + 2 L G 0 + L G 1 + L T A d d$	$J G 1 + J T A d d$	$(J ⋅ N 0) M u l + N 0 A d d + (1 + J) G 1 + J D i v$
文献［31］方案	$4 G 0 + (3 L + N 0) P 0$	$L M u l + 4 L T M u l$	$(1 + N 0) P 0 + N 0 D i v$
本文方案	$(2 N 1 + 2 L + s) G 1 + N 2 E A E S$	$1 + 2 L T A d d$	$(2 + 2 N 1) G 1 + N 1 D i v + N 2 D A E S$

Tab. 3 Algorithm performance comparison

加解密次数

Paillier同态加密算法

总加解密时间/s

ECElGamal算法

总加解密时间/s

Tab. 4 Shamir algorithm storage overhead and performance

$(t, N)$	子密钥大小/B	子密钥生成时间/ms	密钥恢复时间/ms
（2，3）	68	0.080 9	0.065 2
（3，5）	68	0.112 9	0.083 7
（4，6）	68	0.143 4	0.109 5
（5，8）	68	0.175 2	0.128 4
（7，10）	68	0.213 3	0.178 7

Tab. 4 Shamir algorithm storage overhead and performance

$(t, N)$	子密钥大小/B	子密钥生成时间/ms	密钥恢复时间/ms
（2，3）	68	0.080 9	0.065 2
（3，5）	68	0.112 9	0.083 7
（4，6）	68	0.143 4	0.109 5
（5，8）	68	0.175 2	0.128 4
（7，10）	68	0.213 3	0.178 7

Fig.3 Time to execute encryption and embedding operations

Fig.4 Total time to execute encryption and embedding operations

Fig.5 Time for each part to execute decryption operation

Fig.6 Total time to execute decryption operation

Fig.7 Transaction throughput and transaction latency

Fig.8 Gas consumption for each function of key distribution smart contract

Fig.9 Gas consumption for each function of arbitration smart contract

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Digital content copyright protection and fair tracking scheme based on blockchain

基于区块链的数字内容版权保护和公平追踪方案

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