Delegated proof of stake consensus algorithm based on reputation value and strong blind signature algorithm

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2023121822

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 3717-3722.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2023121822

• 2023 CCF China Blockchain Conference （CCF CBCC 2023） • Previous Articles Next Articles

Delegated proof of stake consensus algorithm based on reputation value and strong blind signature algorithm

Zhenhao ZHAO¹^,²^,³, Shibin ZHANG¹^,²^,³(), Wunan WAN¹^,²^,³, Jinquan ZHANG¹^,²^,³, zhi QIN¹^,²^,³

^1.School of Cybersecurity，Chengdu University of Information Technology，Chengdu Sichuan 610225，China
^2.Advanced Cryptography System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province （Chengdu University of Information Technology），Chengdu Sichuan 610225，China
^3.Industrial College of Cybersecurity，Chengdu University of Information Technology，Chengdu Sichuan 610203，China

Received:2023-12-19 Revised:2024-02-15 Accepted:2024-02-26 Online:2024-03-11 Published:2024-12-10
Contact: Shibin ZHANG
About author:ZHAO Zhenhao， born in 1996， M. S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain.
WAN Wunan， born in 1978， Ph. D.， associate professor. Her research interests include blockchain， cryptographic algorithm analysis.
ZHANG Jinquan， born in 1974， Ph. D.， associate professor. His research interests include cryptology， blockchain.
QIN Zhi， born in 1977， M. S.， associate professor. His research interests include network and information security， blockchain， internet of things.
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program on Cyberspace Security Governance(2022YFB3103103);Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province(2022YFS0571);Key Supporting Program of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau(2023-XT00-00002-GX)

基于信誉值和强盲签名算法的委托权益证明共识算法

赵振皓¹^,²^,³, 张仕斌¹^,²^,³(), 万武南¹^,²^,³, 张金全¹^,²^,³, 秦智¹^,²^,³

^1.成都信息工程大学网络空间安全学院，成都 610225
^2.先进密码技术与系统安全四川省重点实验室（成都信息工程大学），成都 610225
^3.成都信息工程大学网络空间安全产业学院，成都 610203

通讯作者: 张仕斌
作者简介:赵振皓（1996—），男，山东潍坊人，硕士研究生，CCF会员，主要研究方向：区块链
万武南（1978—），女，江西樟树人，副教授，博士，CCF会员，主要研究方向：区块链、密码算法分析
张金全（1974—），男，四川邻水人，副教授，博士，主要研究方向：密码学、区块链
秦智（1977—），男，四川资阳人，副教授，硕士，主要研究方向为；网络与信息安全、区块链、物联网。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划“网络空间安全治理”重点专项(2022YFB3103103);四川省重点研发计划项目(2022YFS0571);成都市科技局重点研发支撑计划项目(2023?XT00?00002?GX)

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to address the issues of Delegated Proof of Stake （DPoS） algorithm， such as the growing centralization trend caused by high-weight nodes having a higher probability of accounting rights， low voting enthusiasm among nodes， and collusion attacks caused by node corruption， a DPoS consensus algorithm based on reputation value and strong blind signature algorithm was proposed. Firstly， the nodes were sorted into two types based on the initial conditions， and the initial selection of nodes was carried out to select the proxy nodes. Secondly， the vote for each other was performed among the proxy nodes， and the top 21 nodes were selected to form the witness node set based on the average of historical reputation value and final number of votes， while the remaining nodes were used to form the standby witness node set. During the voting process， an Elgamal-based strong blind signature algorithm was employed to ensure privacy for voting nodes. Finally， consensus process was achieved after block out of witness nodes. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the original DPoS consensus algorithm， the proposed algorithm increases active node proportion by approximately 20 percentage points， and reduces malicious node proportion close to zero. It can be observed that the proposed algorithm enhances node enthusiasm in voting and protects privacy information of nodes.

Key words: consensus algorithm, Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), reputation value, Elgamal digital signature, blind signature

摘要：

针对委托权益证明（DPoS）算法存在高权重节点记账权概率大导致的中心化趋势加剧、节点投票积极性不高以及节点腐败导致的共谋攻击等问题，提出一种基于信誉值和强盲签名算法的DPoS共识算法。首先，根据初始条件的不同分为2类节点，并第一次筛选节点，选出代理节点；其次，代理节点相互投票，并根据历史信誉值与最终票数的平均值选取排名前21的节点组成见证人节点集合，而剩余节点组成备用见证人节点集合；在投票过程中应用基于Elgamal的强盲签名算法，保证投票节点的隐私性；最后，见证人节点出块，完成共识过程。实验结果表明，与原始DPoS共识算法相比，所提算法的活跃节点比例提升了约20个百分点，恶意节点比例接近0。可见，所提算法提高了节点投票的积极性，并保护了节点的隐私信息。

关键词: 共识算法, 委托权益证明, 信誉值, Elgamal数字签名, 盲签名

CLC Number:

TP309.2

Zhenhao ZHAO, Shibin ZHANG, Wunan WAN, Jinquan ZHANG, zhi QIN. Delegated proof of stake consensus algorithm based on reputation value and strong blind signature algorithm[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(12): 3717-3722.

赵振皓, 张仕斌, 万武南, 张金全, 秦智. 基于信誉值和强盲签名算法的委托权益证明共识算法[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2024, 44(12): 3717-3722.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Flowchart of consensus algorithm

Tab. 1 Relevant parameters and their significance

符号	含义
$(p k u, s k u)$	节点u的非对称公私密钥对
$V$	投票节点
$S$	接收节点
$Z p *$	有限域
$g$	$Z p *$ 的本原
$m$	盲化前的消息
$m'$	盲化后的消息
$k$	$Z p *$ 中的随机数
$x$	请求签名者的私钥
$α, β$	$Z p *$ 中的随机数
$r, s$	签名者关于盲化后的消息 $m'$ 的签名
$r', s'$	请求签名者关于盲化后的消息 $m$ 的签名

Tab. 1 Relevant parameters and their significance

符号	含义
$(p k u, s k u)$	节点u的非对称公私密钥对
$V$	投票节点
$S$	接收节点
$Z p *$	有限域
$g$	$Z p *$ 的本原
$m$	盲化前的消息
$m'$	盲化后的消息
$k$	$Z p *$ 中的随机数
$x$	请求签名者的私钥
$α, β$	$Z p *$ 中的随机数
$r, s$	签名者关于盲化后的消息 $m'$ 的签名
$r', s'$	请求签名者关于盲化后的消息 $m$ 的签名

Fig. 2 Electronic voting model

Tab. 2 Experimental environment

软/硬件	版本/型号
操作系统	Windows 11
CPU	AMD Ryzen 7 5800H with Radeon Graphics 3.20 GHz
内存	32 GB
IDE	PyCharm 2022.1.2 （Professional Edition）
Python	3.8.7

Fig. 3 Proportion of active nodes

Fig. 4 Proportion of malicious nodes

References 22

1	司冰茹，肖江，刘存扬，等. 区块链网络综述［J］. 软件学报， 2024， 35（2）：773-799.
	SI B R， XIAO J， LIU C Y， et al. Survey on blockchain network［J］. Journal of Software， 2024， 35（2）：773-799.
2	WU Y， WANG Z， ZHOU X， et al. The optimisation research of blockchain application in the financial institution-dominated supply chain finance system［J］. International Journal of Production Research， 2023， 61（11）： 3735-3755.
3	WAZID M， GOPE P. BACKM-EHA： a novel blockchain-enabled security solution for IoMT-based e-healthcare applications［J］. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology， 2023， 23（3）： No.39.
4	MUEEAY-RUST D， ELSDEN C， NISSEN B， et al. Blockchain and beyond： understanding blockchains through prototypes and public engagement［J］. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction， 2022， 29（5）： No.41.
5	WU H， JIANG S， CAO J. High-efficiency blockchain-based supply chain traceability［J］. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems， 2023， 24（4）： 3748-3758.
6	NAKAMOTO S. Bitcoin： a peer-to-peer electronic cash system ［EB/OL］. ［2024-01-26］. .
7	DWORK C， NAOR M. Pricing via processing or combatting junk mail ［C］// Proceedings of the 1992 Annual International Cryptology Conference， LNCS 740. Berlin： Springer， 1993： 139-147.
8	JAKOBSSON M， JUEL A. Proofs of work and bread pudding protocols （extended abstract）［EB/OL］. ［2024-01-03］. .
9	Mechanic Quantum. Proof of stake ［EB/OL］. ［2024-01-22］..
10	KING S， NADAL S. PPcoin： peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake［EB/OL］. ［2024-01-26］..
11	VASIN P. BlackCoin’s proof-of-stake protocol v2 ［R/OL］. ［2024-01-27］..
12	SCHUN F， LARIMER D. BitShares 2.0： financial smart contract platform ［EB/OL］. ［2024-01-25］..
13	BRANDT F， CONITZER V， ENDRISS U， et al. Handbook of computational social choice［M］. New York： Cambridge University Press， 2016：23-56.
14	ARAUJO F， FARINHA J， DOMINGUES P， et al. A maximum independent set approach for collusion detection in voting pools［J］. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing， 2011， 71（10）： 1356-1366.
15	ElGAMAL T. A public key cryptosystem and a signature scheme based on discrete logarithms［J］. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory， 1985， 31（4）： 469-472.
16	CHAUM D. Blind signatures for untraceable payments［C］// Proceedings of the 1982 Annual International Cryptology Conference. Boston： Springer， 1983： 199-203.
17	HARN L， HSU C， XIA Z， et al. Multiple blind signature for e-voting and e-cash ［J］. The Computer Journal， 2023， 66（10）： 2331-2338.
18	CHOUHAN V， ARORA A. Blockchain-based secure and transparent election and vote counting mechanism using secret sharing scheme［J］. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing， 2023， 14（10）： 14009-14027.
19	CRUZ J P， KAJI Y. E-voting system based on the Bitcoin protocol and blind signatures［J］. IPSJ Transactions on Mathematical Modeling and Its Applications， 2017， 10（1）： 14-22.
20	王化群，赵君喜，张力军. 基于ELGamal签名方程的盲签名方案［J］. 南京邮电学院学报， 2005， 25（4）： 65-69.
	WANG H Q， ZHAO J X， ZHANG L J. Blind signature scheme based on ELGamal signature equation ［J］. Journal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications， 2005， 25（4）： 65-69.
21	KAMVAR S D， SCHLOSSER M T， GARCIA-MOLINA H. The EigenTrust algorithm for reputation management in P2P networks［C］// Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on World Wide Web. New York： ACM， 2003： 640-651.
22	高迎，谭学程. DPOS共识机制的改进方案［J］. 计算机应用研究， 2020， 37（10）：3086-3090.
	GAO Y， TAN X C. Improvement of DPOS consensus mechanism［J］. Application Research of Computers， 2020， 37（10）： 3086-3090.

[1]	Lipeng ZHAO, Bing GUO. Blockchain consensus improvement algorithm based on BDLS [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(4): 1139-1147.
[2]	Ziqian CHEN, Kedi NIU, Zhongyuan YAO, Xueming SI. Review of blockchain lightweight technology applied to internet of things [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(12): 3688-3698.
[3]	Kedi NIU, Min LI, Zhongyuan YAO, Xueming SI. Review of blockchain consensus algorithms for internet of things [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(12): 3678-3687.
[4]	Rui MEN, Shujia FAN, Axida SHAN, Shaoyu DU, Xiumei FAN. Survey on combination of computation offloading and blockchain in internet of things [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2023, 43(10): 3008-3016.
[5]	WANG Jindong, LI Qiang. Improved practical Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm based on Raft algorithm [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2023, 43(1): 122-129.
[6]	Yuntao XU, Junwu ZHU, Binwen SUN, Maosheng SUN, Sihai CHEN. Election-based supply chain： a supply chain autonomy framework based on blockchain [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2022, 42(6): 1770-1775.
[7]	Qi LIU, Rongxin GUO, Wenxian JIANG, Dengji MA. Parallel chain consensus algorithm optimization scheme based on Boneh-Lynn-Shacham aggregate signature technology [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2022, 42(12): 3785-3791.
[8]	Hexiong CHEN, Yuwei LUO, Yunkai WEI, Wei GUO, Feilu HANG, Zhengxiong MAO, Zhenhong ZHANG, Yingjun HE, Zhenyu LUO, Linjiang XIE, Ning YANG. Blockchain-based data frame security verification mechanism in software defined network [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2022, 42(10): 3074-3083.
[9]	CHEN Weiwei, CAO Li, GU Xiang. E-forensics model for internet of vehicles based on blockchain [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2021, 41(7): 1989-1995.
[10]	LIU Yu, ZHU Chaoyang, LI Jinze, LAO Yuanji, QIN Tuanfa. d-PBFT:detection consensus algorithm for alliance blockchain [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2021, 41(3): 756-762.
[11]	HUANG Jiacheng, XU Xinhua, WANG Shichun. Improved scheme of delegated proof of stake consensus mechanism [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2019, 39(7): 2162-2167.
[12]	WANG Haiyong, GUO Kaixuan, PAN Qiqing. Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm based on voting mechanism [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2019, 39(6): 1766-1771.
[13]	GE Lin, JI Xinsheng, JIANG Tao, JIANG Yiming. Security mechanism for Internet of things information sharing based on blockchain technology [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2019, 39(2): 458-463.
[14]	REN Xiaokang, CHEN Peilin, CAO Yuan, LI Yanan, YANG Xiaodong. Partially blind signature scheme with ID-based server-aided verification [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2016, 36(11): 3098-3102.
[15]	WANG Qian, ZHENG Dong, REN Fang. Code-based blind signature scheme [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2015, 35(10): 2867-2871.

Delegated proof of stake consensus algorithm based on reputation value and strong blind signature algorithm

基于信誉值和强盲签名算法的委托权益证明共识算法

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 6

References 22

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics