Survey of DDoS protection research based on blockchain

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024121850

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 3416-3423.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024121850

• The 7th CCF China Conference on Blockchain Technology • Previous Articles

Survey of DDoS protection research based on blockchain

Mei TANG¹^,²^,³, Wunan WAN¹^,³^,⁴(), Shibin ZHANG¹^,³^,⁴, Jinquan ZHANG¹^,²^,³

^1.Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province （Chengdu University of Information Technology），Chengdu Sichuan 610054，China
^2.School of Cybersecurity，Chengdu University of Information Technology，Chengdu Sichuan 610225，China
^3.Shuangliu Industrial College，Chengdu University of Information Technology，Chengdu Sichuan 610203，China
^4.College of Artificial Intelligence，Chengdu University of Information Technology，Chengdu Sichuan 610225，China

Received:2025-01-02 Revised:2025-02-11 Accepted:2025-02-17 Online:2025-02-26 Published:2025-11-10
Contact: Wunan WAN
About author:TANG Mei， born in 2001， M. S. candidate. Her research interests include blockchain.
ZHANG Shibin， born in 1970， Ph. D.， professor. His research interests include quantum technology， artificial intelligence security， blockchain security.
ZHANG Jinquan， born in 1974， Ph. D.， associate professor. His research interests include cryptology， blockchain security.
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3103103);General Program of Joint Fund for Science and Technology Education in Sichuan Province(2025NSFSC2077);Key Research and Development Project of Chengdu(2023-XT00-00002-GX);Key Research and Development Support Program Project of Chengdu(2024-YF05-01227-SN)

基于区块链的DDoS防护研究综述

唐梅¹^,²^,³, 万武南¹^,³^,⁴(), 张仕斌¹^,³^,⁴, 张金全¹^,²^,³

^1.先进密码技术与系统安全四川省重点实验室（成都信息工程大学），成都 610054
^2.成都信息工程大学网络空间安全学院，成都 610225
^3.成都信息工程大学双流产业学院，成都 610203
^4.成都信息工程大学人工智能学院，成都 610225

通讯作者: 万武南
作者简介:唐梅（2001—），女，四川广安人，硕士研究生，CCF会员，主要研究方向：区块链
张仕斌（1970—），男，重庆人，教授，博士，CCF高级会员，主要研究方向：量子技术、人工智能安全、区块链安全
张金全（1974—），男，四川邻水人，副教授，博士，主要研究方向：密码学、区块链安全。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3103103);四川省科技教育联合基金面上项目(2025NSFSC2077);成都市重点研发项目(2023-XT00-00002-GX);成都市重点研发支撑计划项目(2024-YF05-01227-SN)

Abstract

Abstract:

With the escalating severity of cybersecurity threats， Distributed Denial of Service （DDoS） attacks remain a persistent challenge in network security research. Traditional DDoS protection solutions usually rely on centralized architectures， which suffer from single point of failure， data tampering and other problems， and are difficult to deal with complex and diverse attack scenarios. Blockchain technology provides a new solution for DDoS protection with its characteristics of decentralization， immutability and transparency. In view of the technical challenges in DDoS protection， the progress of blockchain-based DDoS protection was summarized. Firstly， the basic concepts of DDoS attacks and their threats to environments such as traditional networks， Internet of Things （IoT） and Software Defined Networking （SDN） were introduced， and the necessity and potential advantages of introducing blockchain technology were analyzed. Secondly， from the aspects of blockchain combined with smart contracts， deep learning， cross-domain collaboration， and so on， the existing DDoS protection mechanisms were reviewed and compared. Finally， considering the technical difficulties in blockchain performance optimization， multi-domain collaboration， and real-time response， the future development directions of blockchain-based DDoS protection technology were prospected， providing theoretical references for researchers in the field of cybersecurity and further promoting the practical applications of blockchain in DDoS protection.

Key words: Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), Software Defined Networking (SDN), cybersecurity

摘要：

随着网络安全威胁的日益加剧，分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）攻击一直是网络安全领域的研究难题。传统的DDoS防护方案通常依赖中心化架构，存在单点故障、数据篡改等问题，难以应对复杂多样的攻击场景。区块链技术凭借去中心化、不可篡改和透明性等特性，为DDoS防护提供了新的解决思路。针对DDoS防护中的技术挑战，总结了基于区块链的DDoS防护研究进展。首先，介绍DDoS攻击的基本概念及其对传统网络、物联网（IoT）和软件定义网络（SDN）等环境的威胁，分析引入区块链技术的必要性与潜在优势；其次，从区块链结合智能合约、深度学习、跨域协作等方面，归纳并对比现有的DDoS防护机制；最后，结合区块链性能优化、多域协作以及实时响应等方面的技术难点，展望未来基于区块链的DDoS防护技术的发展方向，从而为网络安全领域的研究者提供理论参考，进一步推动区块链在DDoS防护中的实际应用。

关键词: 分布式拒绝服务攻击, 区块链, 物联网, 软件定义网络, 网络安全

CLC Number:

TP309.2

Mei TANG, Wunan WAN, Shibin ZHANG, Jinquan ZHANG. Survey of DDoS protection research based on blockchain[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(11): 3416-3423.

唐梅, 万武南, 张仕斌, 张金全. 基于区块链的DDoS防护研究综述[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2025, 45(11): 3416-3423.

Figures/Tables 9

References 52

[1]	Nexusguard. DDoS trend report 2024［EB/OL］. ［2024-07-21］. .
[2]	ZHANG C， GREEN R. Communication security in internet of thing： preventive measure and avoid DDoS attack over IoT network［C］// Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Communications and Networking. San Diego： Society for Modeling and Simulation International， 2015： 8-15.
[3]	田国华，胡云瀚，陈晓峰.区块链系统攻击与防御技术研究进展［J］.软件学报，2021，32（5）：1495-1525
	TIAN G H， HU Y H， CHEN X F. Research progress on attack and defense techniques in block-chain system［J］. Journal of Software， 2021，32（5）：1495-1525.
[4]	KUMAR S， AMIN R. Mitigating distributed denial of service attack： blockchain and software‑defined networking based approach， network model with future research challenges［J］. Security and Privacy， 2021， 4（4）： No.e163.
[5]	CHAGANTI R， BHUSHAN B， RAVI V. The role of blockchain in DDoS attacks mitigation： techniques， open challenges and future directions［EB/OL］. ［2024-06-18］..
[6]	SHAH Z， ULLAH I， LI H， et al. Blockchain based solutions to mitigate distributed denial of service （DDoS） attacks in the Internet of Things （IoT）： a survey［J］. Sensors， 2022， 22（3）： No.1094.
[7]	KUMAR R， KUMAR P， TRIPATHI R， et al. A distributed intrusion detection system to detect DDoS attacks in blockchain-enabled IoT network［J］. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing， 2022， 164： 55-68.
[8]	蒋英肇，陈雷，闫巧.基于双通道特征融合的分布式拒绝服务攻击检测算法［J］.信息网络安全，2023，23（7）：86-97.
	JIANG Y Z， CHEN L， YAN Q. Distributed denial of service attack detection algorithm based on two-channel feature fusion［J］. Netinfo Security， 2023， 23（7）： 86-97.
[9]	BANITALEBI DEHKORDI A， SOLTANAGHAEI M， BOROUJENI F Z. The DDoS attacks detection through machine learning and statistical methods in SDN［J］. The Journal of Supercomputing， 2021， 77（3）： 2383-2415.
[10]	CHENG J， LI J， TANG X， et al. A novel DDoS attack detection method using optimized generalized multiple kernel learning［J］.Computers， Materials and Continua， 2020， 62（3）： 1423-1443.
[11]	ZARGAR S T， JOSHI J， TIPPER D. A survey of defense mechanisms against Distributed Denial of Service （DDoS） flooding attacks［J］. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials， 2013， 15（4）： 2046-2069.
[12]	严芬，王佳佳，赵金凤，等.DDoS攻击检测综述［J］.计算机应用研究，2008，25（4）：966-969.
	YAN F， WANG J J， ZHAO J F， et al. Survey of detection on DDoS attack［J］. Application Research of Computers， 2008， 25（4）： 966-969.
[13]	GREENSPAN G. Ending the bitcoin vs blockchain debate ［EB/OL］. ［2024-07-25］. .
[14]	MIRKOVIC J， REIHER P. A taxonomy of DDoS attack and DDoS defense mechanisms［J］. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review， 2004， 34（2）： 39-53.
[15]	MANIKUMAR V V S， MAHESWARI B U. Blockchain based DDoS mitigation using machine learning techniques［C］// Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications. Piscataway： IEEE， 2020： 794-800.
[16]	HUSSEIN N A. Securing the networks against DDoS attacks using blockchain technology［C］// Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communication， LNNS 703. Singapore： Springer， 2023： 13-22.
[17]	RAI A， CHALLA R K. Survey on recent DDoS mitigation techniques and comparative analysis［C］// Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Technology. Piscataway： IEEE， 2016： 96-101.
[18]	PAVLIDIS A， DIMOLIANIS M， GIOTIS K， et al. Orchestrating DDoS mitigation via blockchain-based network provider collaborations［J］. The Knowledge Engineering Review， 2020， 35： No.e16.
[19]	赵婵，张瑞生.基于区块链技术的DDoS协同防御方法研究［J］.现代信息科技，2020，4（5）：152-154.
	ZHAO C， ZHANG R S. Research on DDoS collaborative defense method based on blockchain［J］. Modern Information Technology， 2020，4（5）：152-154.
[20]	ABBAS Q E， SUNG-BONG J. A survey of blockchain and its applications［C］// Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication. Piscataway： IEEE， 2019： 001-003.
[21]	LIN I C， LIAO T C. A survey of blockchain security issues and challenges［J］. International Journal of Network Security， 2017， 19（5）： 653-659.
[22]	JIA B， LIANG Y. Anti-D chain： a lightweight DDoS attack detection scheme based on heterogeneous ensemble learning in blockchain［J］. China Communications， 2020， 17（9）： 11-24.
[23]	SUNDARESWARAN N， SASIREKHA S. Packet filtering mechanism to defend against DDoS attack in blockchain network［C］// Evolutionary Computing and Mobile Sustainable Networks： Proceedings of ICECMSN 2021， LNDECT 116. Cham： Springer， 2022： 201-214.
[24]	ILYAS B， KUMAR A， SETITRA M A， et al. Prevention of DDoS attacks using an optimized deep learning approach in blockchain technology［J］. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies， 2023， 34（4）： No.e4729.
[25]	刘云，陈路遥，宋凯，等.基于合约熵判决算法的区块链网络DDoS防御优化［J］.南京理工大学学报，2024，48（2）：175-181.
	LIU Y， CHEN L Y， SONG K， et al. Blockchain network DDoS defense optimization based on contract entropy judgment algorithm［J］. Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology， 2024， 48（2）： 175-181.
[26]	AL-FUQAHA A， GUIZANI M， MOHAMMADI M， et al. Internet of things： a survey on enabling technologies， protocols， and applications［J］. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials， 2015， 17（4）： 2347-2376.
[27]	VISHWAKARMA R， JAIN A K. A survey of DDoS attacking techniques and defence mechanisms in the IoT network［J］. Telecommunication Systems， 2020， 73（1）： 3-25.
[28]	KPONYO J J， AGYEMANG J O， KLOGO G S， et al. Lightweight and host-based Denial of Service （DoS） detection and defense mechanism for resource-constrained IoT devices［J］. Internet of Things， 2020， 12： No.100319.
[29]	ALHIRABI N， RANA O， PERERA C. Security and privacy requirements for the internet of things： a survey［J］. ACM Transactions on Internet of Things， 2021， 2（1）： No.6.
[30]	AL-SAKRAN H， ALHARBI Y， SERGUIEVSKAIA I. Framework architecture for securing IoT using blockchain， smart contract and software defined network technologies［C］// Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Computing Sciences. Piscataway： IEEE， 2019： 1-6.
[31]	FENG H， YAN X， ZHOU N， et al. A cross-domain collaborative DDoS defense scheme based on blockchain-SDN in the IoT［C］// Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Conference on Intelligent Computing and its Emerging Applications. New York： ACM， 2021： 77-82.
[32]	FEBRO A， XIAO H， SPRING J， et al. Synchronizing DDoS defense at network edge with P4， SDN， and blockchain［J］. Computer Networks， 2022， 216： No.109267.
[33]	CHEN M， TANG X， CHENG J， et al. A DDoS attack defense method based on blockchain for IoTs devices［C］// Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Security， CCIS 1253. Singapore： Springer， 2020： 685-694.
[34]	HUANG H， YE P， HU M， et al. A multi-point collaborative DDoS defense mechanism for IIoT environment［J］. Digital Communications and Networks， 2023， 9（2）： 590-601.
[35]	HAYAT R F， AURANGZEB S， ALEEM M， et al. ML-DDoS： a blockchain-based multilevel DDoS mitigation mechanism for IoT environments［J］. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management， 2024， 71： 12605-12618.
[36]	岳猛，王怀远，吴志军，等.云计算中DDoS攻防技术研究综述［J］.计算机学报，2020，43（12）：2315-2336.
	YUE M， WANG H Y， WU Z J， et al. A survey of DDoS attack and defense technologies in cloud computing［J］. Chinese Journal of Computers， 2020， 43（12）： 2315-2336.
[37]	GUL M J， REHMAN A， PAUL A， et al. Blockchain expansion to secure assets with fog node on special duty［J］. Soft Computing， 2020， 24（20）： 15209-15221.
[38]	ZIANI A， MEDOURI A. A survey of security and privacy for 5G networks［C］// Emerging Trends in ICT for Sustainable Development： the Proceedings of NICE2020 International Conference， ASTI. Cham： Springer， 2021： 201-208.
[39]	CHOW M C， MA M. A secure blockchain-based authentication and key agreement scheme for 3GPP 5G networks［J］. Sensors， 2022， 22（12）： No.4525.
[40]	葛浩伟，杨启航，石乐义.基于深度学习和集成学习的DDoS攻击检测方法［J］.现代电子技术，2024，47（3）：63-67.
	GE H W， YANG Q H， SHI L Y. DDoS attack detection method based on deep learning and ensemble learning［J］. Modern Electronic Technique， 2024， 47（3）： 63-67.
[41]	LIU T， SABRINA F， JANG-JACCARD J， et al. Artificial intelligence-enabled DDoS detection for blockchain-based smart transport systems［J］. Sensors， 2021， 22（1）： No.32.
[42]	HE L， SUN T， ZHU Z. A remote access and control scheme for smart home based on blockchain［C］// Proceedings of the SPIE 12174， International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning. Bellingham， WA： SPIE， 2022： No.121740A.
[43]	YEH L Y， LU P J， HUANG S H， et al. SOChain： a privacy-preserving DDoS data exchange service over SOC consortium blockchain［J］. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management， 2020， 67（4）： 1487-1500.
[44]	NA D， PARK S. IoT-chain and monitoring-chain using multilevel blockchain for IoT security［J］. Sensors， 2022， 22（21）： No.8271.
[45]	DING X， GUO J， LI D， et al. An incentive mechanism for building a secure blockchain-based internet of things［J］. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering， 2021， 8（1）： 477-487.
[46]	HAN T， JAN S R U， TAN Z， et al. A comprehensive survey of security threats and their mitigation techniques for next-generation SDN controllers［J］. Concurrency and Computation： Practice and Experience， 2020， 32（16）： No.e5300.
[47]	ABOU EL HOUDA Z， HAFID A， KHOUKHI L. Co-IoT： a collaborative DDoS mitigation scheme in IoT environment based on blockchain using SDN［C］// Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference. Piscataway： IEEE， 2019： 1-6.
[48]	ABOU EL HOUDA Z， HAFID A S， KHOUKHI L. Cochain-SC： an intra-and inter-domain DDoS mitigation scheme based on blockchain using SDN and smart contract［J］. IEEE Access， 2019， 7： 98893-98907.
[49]	HAJIZADEH M， AFRAZ N， RUFFINI M， et al. Collaborative cyber attack defense in SDN networks using blockchain technology［C］// Proceedings of the 6th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization. Piscataway： IEEE， 2020： 487-492.
[50]	JIANG S， YANG L， GAO X， et al. BSD‑Guard： a collaborative blockchain-based approach for detection and mitigation of SDN‑targeted DDoS attacks［J］. Security and Communication Networks， 2022， 2022： No.1608689.
[51]	FENG H， LIU Y， YAN X， et al. A blockchain-enabled multi-domain DDoS collaborative defense mechanism［J］. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems， 2023， 17（3）： 916-937.
[52]	张星星，何利文，段红秀.基于区块链与排队理论的DDoS防御机制研究［J］.计算机技术与发展，2024，34（11）：117-124.
	ZHANG X X， HE L W， DUAN H X. Research on DDoS defense mechanism based on blockchain and queuing theory［J］. Computer Technology and Development， 2024， 34（11）： 117-124.

Survey of DDoS protection research based on blockchain

基于区块链的DDoS防护研究综述

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 9

References 52

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

[1]	Sheping ZHAI, Pengju ZHU, Rui YANG, Jiayiteng LIU. Blockchain-based identity management system for internet of things [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(9): 2873-2881.
[2]	Wei GAO, Lihua LIU, Bintao HE, Fang’an DENG. Research advances in blockchain consensus mechanisms and improvement algorithms [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(9): 2848-2864.
[3]	Wei SHE, Tianxiang MA, Haige FENG, Zhao TIAN, Wei LIU. Blockchain covert communication method based on contract call concealment [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(9): 2865-2872.
[4]	Di WANG. P-Dledger： blockchain edge node security architecture [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(8): 2630-2636.
[5]	Haiyang PENG, Weixing JI, Fawang LIU. Blockchain-based data notarization model for autonomous driving simulation testing [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(8): 2421-2427.
[6]	Shuo ZHANG, Guokai SUN, Yuan ZHUANG, Xiaoyu FENG, Jingzhi WANG. Dynamic detection method of eclipse attacks for blockchain node analysis [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(8): 2428-2436.
[7]	Lixiao ZHANG, Yao MA, Yuli YANG, Dan YU, Yongle CHEN. Large-scale IoT binary component identification based on named entity recognition [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(7): 2288-2295.
[8]	Yuxuan CHEN, Haibin ZHENG, Zhenyu GUAN, Boheng SU, Yujue WANG, Zhenwei GUO. Blockchain sharding mechanism in asynchronous network based on HoneyBadgerBFT and DAG [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(7): 2092-2100.
[9]	Xiaoyang ZHAO, Xinzheng XU, Zhongnian LI. Research review on explainable artificial intelligence in internet of things applications [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(7): 2169-2179.
[10]	Li’e WANG, Caiyi LIN, Yongdong LI, Xingcheng FU, Xianxian LI. Digital content copyright protection and fair tracking scheme based on blockchain [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 1756-1765.
[11]	Xin SHAO, Zigang CHEN, Xingchun YANG, Haihua ZHU, Wenjun LUO, Long CHEN, Yousheng ZHOU. Vehicular digital evidence preservation and access control based on consortium blockchain [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 1902-1910.
[12]	Gaimei GAO, Miaolian DU, Chunxia LIU, Yuli YANG, Weichao DANG, Guoxia DI. Privacy protection method for consortium blockchain based on SM2 linkable ring signature [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1564-1572.
[13]	Chenwei LIN, Ping CHEN. Evaluation of cross-domain attacks in cloud-edge collaborative industrial control systems [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1548-1555.
[14]	Bingquan LIN, Lei LIU, Huafeng LI, Chen LIU. Secure cluster control of UAVs under DoS attacks based on APF and DDPG algorithm [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(4): 1241-1248.
[15]	Haijun GENG, Yun DONG, Zhiguo HU, Haotian CHI, Jing YANG, Xia YIN. Encrypted traffic classification method based on Attention-1DCNN-CE [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(3): 872-882.