Blockchain‑based electronic medical record secure sharing

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2021111895

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11): 3465-3472.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2021111895

Special Issue: 2021 CCF中国区块链技术大会（CCF CBCC 2021）

• 2021 CCF China Blockchain Conference （CCF CBCC 2021） • Previous Articles Next Articles

Blockchain‑based electronic medical record secure sharing

Chao LIN¹, Debiao HE²(), Xinyi HUANG¹

^1.College of Computer and Cyber Security，Fujian Normal University，Fuzhou Fujian 350117，China
^2.School of Cyber Science and Engineering，Wuhan University，Wuhan Hubei 430072，China

Received:2021-11-09 Revised:2021-12-18 Accepted:2022-01-05 Online:2022-01-19 Published:2022-11-10
Contact: Debiao HE
About author:LIN Chao， born in 1991， Ph. D.， lecturer. His research interests include applied cryptography， blockchain.
HE Debiao， born in 1980， Ph. D.， professor. His research interests include applied cryptography， cryptographic protocol， cloud computing security.
HUANG Xinyi， born in 1981， Ph. D.， professor. His research interests include applied cryptography， network security.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62102089);Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(2042021kf1030)

基于区块链的电子医疗记录安全共享

林超¹, 何德彪²(), 黄欣沂¹

^1.福建师范大学计算机与网络空间安全学院，福州 350117
^2.武汉大学国家网络安全学院，武汉 430072

通讯作者: 何德彪
作者简介:林超（1991—），男，福建平和人，讲师，博士，CCF会员，主要研究方向：应用密码学、区块链
何德彪（1980—），男，山东聊城人，教授，博士，CCF会员，主要研究方向：应用密码学、安全协议、云计算安全 hedebiao@163.com
黄欣沂（1981—），男，江苏仪征人，教授，博士，CCF会员，主要研究方向：应用密码学、网络安全。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(62102089);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2042021kf1030)

Abstract

Abstract:

To solve various issues faced by Electronic Medical Record （EMR） sharing， such as centralized data provider， passive patient data management， low interoperability efficiency and malicious dissemination， a blockchain-based EMR secure sharing method was proposed. Firstly， a more secure and efficient Universal Designated Verifier Signature Proof （UDVSP） scheme based on the commercial cryptography SM2 digital signature algorithm was proposed. Then， a smart contract with functionalities of uploading， verification， retrieval and revocation was designed， and a blockchain-based EMR secure sharing system was constructed. Finally， the feasibilities of UDVSP scheme and sharing system were demonstrated through security analysis and performance analysis. The security analysis shows that the proposed UDVSP is probably secure. The performance analysis shows that compared with existing UDVSP/UDVS schemes， the proposed UDVSP scheme saves the computation cost at least 87.42% and communication overhead at least 93.75%. The prototype of blockchain smart contract further demonstrates the security and efficiency of the sharing system.

Key words: Electronic Medical Record (EMR), blockchain, SM2 digital signature algorithm, universal designated verifier signature proof, data sharing

摘要：

针对电子医疗记录（EMR）共享面临的数据提供商集权化、患者数据管理显被动、互操作效率低、恶意传播等问题，提出一种基于区块链的电子医疗记录安全共享方法。首先，基于商用密码SM2数字签名算法提出一种更加安全高效的泛指定验证者签名证明（UDVSP）方案；然后，设计具有上传、验证、检索、撤销等功能的智能合约，构造基于区块链的电子医疗记录安全共享系统；最后，通过安全性分析和性能分析论证UDVSP方案和共享系统的可行性。安全性分析结果表明，所设计的UDVSP方案满足可证明安全性。性能评估结果表明，与现有常用的UDVSP/UDVS方案相比，节省至少87.42%的计算开销和93.75%的通信代价。区块链智能合约原型系统的仿真结果进一步论证了共享系统的安全性和高效性。

关键词: 电子医疗记录, 区块链, SM2数字签名算法, 泛指定验证者签名证明, 数据共享

CLC Number:

TP309.2

Chao LIN, Debiao HE, Xinyi HUANG. Blockchain‑based electronic medical record secure sharing[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2022, 42(11): 3465-3472.

林超, 何德彪, 黄欣沂. 基于区块链的电子医疗记录安全共享[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2022, 42(11): 3465-3472.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Universal architecture of blockchain-based EMR sharing

Fig. 2 System model

Fig. 3 Gas cost of smart contract algorithms

Tab. 1 Theoretical performance comparison results

方案	计算开销					通信代价
方案	UKGen	USign	UVerf	UTran	UIVerf	UIVerf
UDVSP-1^［10］	$T g 1 s m$	$T h 2 p + T g 1 s m$	$2 T b p + T h 2 p$	$T g 1 s m$	$2 T b p + T m m + T m a + 2 T e b p + T m b p + T h 2 p$	$G T + 2 Z n$
UDVSP-2^［10］	$2 T g 2 s m$	$T g 1 s m + T m i + T m m + 2 T m a$	$2 T b p + 2 T g 2 s m + 2 T g 2 p a$	$T g 1 s m$	$2 T b p + 2 T g 2 s m + 2 T g 2 p a + T e b p + T m m + T m a + 2 T e b p + T m b p$	$G T + 2 Z n$
UDVS-1^［15］	$4 T g 1 s m$	$3 T g 1 s m + 2 T g 1 p a + T m m$	$T g 1 s m + T g 1 p a + 3 T b p + T m b p$	$2 T g 1 s m + T m m + 3 T g 1 p a + T b p$	$T g 1 s m + T g 1 p a + 2 T b p + T m b p + 2 T e b p$	$G T + G 1$
UDVS-2^［17］	$2 T g 1 s m$	$5 T g 1 s m + 3 T g 1 p a$	$2 T g 1 s m + 3 T g 1 p a + 3 T b p + T m b p$	$T b p$	$2 T g 1 s m + 3 T g 1 p a + 2 T b p + T m b p + 2 T e b p$	$G T + G 1$
本文UDVSP	$T g 1 s m$	$T g 1 s m + T m i + T h + 2 T m m + 2 T m a$	$2 T g 1 s m + T g 1 p a + 2 T m a + T h$	$3 T m a + T h$	$14 T g 1 s m + 13 T g 1 p a + 7 T m m + 3 T m a + T h$	$2 Z n$

Tab. 1 Theoretical performance comparison results

方案	计算开销					通信代价
方案	UKGen	USign	UVerf	UTran	UIVerf	UIVerf
UDVSP-1^［10］	$T g 1 s m$	$T h 2 p + T g 1 s m$	$2 T b p + T h 2 p$	$T g 1 s m$	$2 T b p + T m m + T m a + 2 T e b p + T m b p + T h 2 p$	$G T + 2 Z n$
UDVSP-2^［10］	$2 T g 2 s m$	$T g 1 s m + T m i + T m m + 2 T m a$	$2 T b p + 2 T g 2 s m + 2 T g 2 p a$	$T g 1 s m$	$2 T b p + 2 T g 2 s m + 2 T g 2 p a + T e b p + T m m + T m a + 2 T e b p + T m b p$	$G T + 2 Z n$
UDVS-1^［15］	$4 T g 1 s m$	$3 T g 1 s m + 2 T g 1 p a + T m m$	$T g 1 s m + T g 1 p a + 3 T b p + T m b p$	$2 T g 1 s m + T m m + 3 T g 1 p a + T b p$	$T g 1 s m + T g 1 p a + 2 T b p + T m b p + 2 T e b p$	$G T + G 1$
UDVS-2^［17］	$2 T g 1 s m$	$5 T g 1 s m + 3 T g 1 p a$	$2 T g 1 s m + 3 T g 1 p a + 3 T b p + T m b p$	$T b p$	$2 T g 1 s m + 3 T g 1 p a + 2 T b p + T m b p + 2 T e b p$	$G T + G 1$
本文UDVSP	$T g 1 s m$	$T g 1 s m + T m i + T h + 2 T m m + 2 T m a$	$2 T g 1 s m + T g 1 p a + 2 T m a + T h$	$3 T m a + T h$	$14 T g 1 s m + 13 T g 1 p a + 7 T m m + 3 T m a + T h$	$2 Z n$

Tab. 2 Symbol difinition and time cost

符号	描述	时间/ms	符号	描述	时间/ms
$T g 1 s m$	群 $G 1$ 上的点乘运算	35.311 100	$T b p$	群 $G T$ 上的双线性对运算	820.320 00
$T g 2 s m$	群 $G 2$ 上的点乘运算	206.575 000	$T e b p$	群 $G T$ 上的模幂运算	689.273 00
$T g 1 p a$	群 $G 1$ 上的点加运算	0.165 954	$T m b p$	群 $G T$ 上的模乘运算	2.058 55
$T g 2 p a$	群 $G 2$ 上的点加运算	206.575 000	$T m i$	域 $Z n *$ 上的模逆运算	0.050 23
$T h$	安全哈希函数	0.005 760	$T m m$	域 $Z n *$ 上的模乘运算	0.012 31
$T h 2 p$	全域哈希函数	17.146 400	$T m a$	域 $Z n *$ 上的模加运算	0.002 71

Tab. 2 Symbol difinition and time cost

符号	描述	时间/ms	符号	描述	时间/ms
$T g 1 s m$	群 $G 1$ 上的点乘运算	35.311 100	$T b p$	群 $G T$ 上的双线性对运算	820.320 00
$T g 2 s m$	群 $G 2$ 上的点乘运算	206.575 000	$T e b p$	群 $G T$ 上的模幂运算	689.273 00
$T g 1 p a$	群 $G 1$ 上的点加运算	0.165 954	$T m b p$	群 $G T$ 上的模乘运算	2.058 55
$T g 2 p a$	群 $G 2$ 上的点加运算	206.575 000	$T m i$	域 $Z n *$ 上的模逆运算	0.050 23
$T h$	安全哈希函数	0.005 760	$T m m$	域 $Z n *$ 上的模乘运算	0.012 31
$T h 2 p$	全域哈希函数	17.146 400	$T m a$	域 $Z n *$ 上的模加运算	0.002 71

Tab. 3 Real performance comparison results

方案	计算开销/ms					通信代价/B
方案	UKGen	USign	UVerf	UTran	UIVerf	UIVerf
UDVSP-1^［10］	35.311 1	52.457 5	1 657.786 4	35.311 1	3 038.406 0	2 048
UDVSP-2^［10］	413.150 0	35.379 1	2 055.055 7	35.311 1	4 124.948 0	2 048
UDVS-1^［15］	141.244 4	106.277 5	2 498.496 0	891.452 4	3 056.722 0	2 080
UDVS-2^［17］	70.622 2	178.454 2	2 534.139 0	820.320 0	3 092.365 0	2 080
本文UDVSP	35.311 1	35.397 1	70.799 3	0.013 8	496.612 9	128

References 29

1	TAMERSOY A， LOUKIDES G， NERGIZ M E， et al. Anonymization of longitudinal electronic medical records［J］. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine， 2012， 16（3）： 413-423. 10.1109/titb.2012.2185850
2	OHNO-MACHADO L. Sharing data from electronic health records within， across， and beyond healthcare institutions： current trends and perspectives［J］. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association， 2018， 25（9）： 1113-1113. 10.1093/jamia/ocy116
3	LIU J， LI X， YE L， et al. BPDS： A blockchain based privacy-preserving data sharing for electronic medical records［C］// Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference. Piscataway： IEEE， 2018： 1-6. 10.1109/glocom.2018.8647713
4	LIN C， HE D， HUANG X， et al. BSeIn： a blockchain-based secure mutual authentication with fine-grained access control system for industry 4.0［J］. Journal of Network and Computer Applications， 2018， 116： 42-52. 10.1016/j.jnca.2018.05.005
5	祝烈煌，高峰，沈蒙，等. 区块链隐私保护研究综述［J］. 计算机研究与发展，2017， 54（10）： 2170-2186. 10.7544/issn1000-1239.2017.20170471
	ZHU L H， GAO F， SHEN M， et al. Survey and privacy preserving techniques for blockchain technology［J］. Journal of Computer Research and Development， 2017， 54（10）： 2170-2186. 10.7544/issn1000-1239.2017.20170471
6	DUBOVITSKAYA A， XU Z， RYU S， et al. Secure and trustable electronic medical records sharing using blockchain［C］// Proceedings of the 2017 American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium. Washington， DC： AMIA Publications， 2017： 650. 10.4414/smi.33.00400
7	USMAN M， QAMAR U. Secure electronic medical records storage and sharing using blockchain technology［J］. Procedia Computer Science， 2020， 174： 321-327. 10.1016/j.procs.2020.06.093
8	AZARIA A， EKBLAW A， VIEIRA T， et al. MedRec： using blockchain for medical data access and permission management［C］// Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data. Washington， DC： IEEE Computer Society， 2016： 25-30. 10.1109/obd.2016.11
9	YUE X， WANG H， JIN D， et al. Healthcare data gateways： found healthcare intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control［J］. Journal of Medical Systems， 2016， 40（10）： 1-8. 10.1007/s10916-016-0574-6
10	BAEK J， SAFAVI-NAINI R， SUSILO W. Universal designated verifier signature proof （or how to efficiently prove knowledge of a signature）［C］// Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security， LNSC 3788. Berlin： Springer， 2005： 644-661.
11	CHEN X， CHEN G， ZHANG F， et al. Identity-based universal designated verifier signature proof system［J］. International Journal of Network Security， 2009， 8（1）： 52-58.
12	ABBASINEZHAD-MOOD D， NIKOOGHADAM M. An anonymous ecc-based self-certified key distribution scheme for the smart grid［J］. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics， 2018， 65（10）： 7996-8004. 10.1109/tie.2018.2807383
13	STEINFELD R， BULL L， WANG H， et al. Universal designated-verifier signatures［C］// Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security， LNCS 2894. Berlin： Springer， 2003： 523-542.
14	ZHANG R， FURUKAWA J， IMAI H. Short signature and universal designated verifier signature without random oracles［C］// Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security， LNSC 3531. Cham： Springer， 2005： 483-498.
15	HUANG X， SUSILO W， MU Y， et al. Secure universal designated verifier signature without random oracles［J］. International Journal of Information Security， 2008， 7（3）： 171-183. 10.1007/s10207-007-0021-2
16	LIN H Y. Secure universal designated verifier signature and its variant for privacy protection［J］. Information Technology and Control， 2013， 42（3）： 268-276. 10.5755/j01.itc.42.3.3532
17	RASTEGARI P， BERENJKOUB M， DAKHILALIAN M， et al. Universal designated verifier signature scheme with non-delegatability in the standard model［J］. Information Sciences， 2019， 479： 321-334. 10.1016/j.ins.2018.12.020
18	SEO S H， HWANG J Y， CHOI K Y， et al. Identity-based universal designated multi-verifiers signature schemes［J］. Computer Standards & Interfaces， 2008， 30（5）： 288-295. 10.1016/j.csi.2007.08.020
19	CAO F， CAO Z. An identity based universal designated verifier signature scheme secure in the standard model［J］. Journal of Systems and Software， 2009， 82（4）： 643-649. 10.1016/j.jss.2008.09.001
20	CHANG T Y. An ID-based multi-signer universal designated multi-verifier signature scheme［J］. Information and Computation， 2011， 209（7）： 1007-1015. 10.1016/j.ic.2011.03.002
21	HOU S， HUANG X， LIU J K， et al. Universal designated verifier transitive signatures for graph-based big data［J］. Information Sciences， 2015， 318： 144-156. 10.1016/j.ins.2015.02.033
22	LIN C， WU W， HUANG X， et al. A new universal designated verifier transitive signature scheme for big graph data［J］. Journal of Computer and System Sciences， 2017， 83（1）： 73-83. 10.1016/j.jcss.2016.06.003
23	WANG M， ZHANG Y， Ma J， et al. A universal designated multi verifiers content extraction signature scheme［J］. International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering， 2020， 21（1）： 49-59. 10.1504/ijcse.2020.10026865
24	METTLER M. Blockchain technology in healthcare： the revolution starts here［C］// Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on E-health Networking， Applications and Services. Piscataway： IEEE， 2016： 1-3. 10.1109/healthcom.2016.7749510
25	ROEHRS A， COSTA C A DA， ROSA RIGHI R DA. OmniPHR： a distributed architecture model to integrate personal health records［J］. Journal of Biomedical Informatics， 2017， 71： 70-81. 10.1016/j.jbi.2017.05.012
26	薛腾飞，傅群超，王枞，等. 基于区块链的医疗数据共享模型研究［J］. 自动化学报，2017， 43（9）： 1555-1562. 10.16383/j.aas.2017.c160661
	XUE T F， FU Q C， WANG C， et al. A medical data sharing model via blockchain［J］. Acta Automatica Sinica， 2017， 43（9）： 1555-1562. 10.16383/j.aas.2017.c160661
27	WU S， DU J. Electronic medical record security sharing model based on blockchain［C］// Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Cryptography， Security and Privacy. New York： ACM， 2019： 13-17. 10.1145/3309074.3309079
28	LI L， YUE Z， WU G. Electronic medical record sharing system based on hyperledger fabric and interplanetary file system［C］// Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Compute and Data Analysis. New York： ACM， 2021： 149-154. 10.1145/3456529.3456555
29	ZHANG Z， YANG K， ZHANG J， et al. Security of the SM2 signature scheme against generalized key substitution attacks［C］// Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Research in Security Standardisation， LNSC 9497. Cham： Springer， 2015： 140-153.

[1]	Tingwei CHEN, Jiacheng ZHANG, Junlu WANG. Random validation blockchain construction for federated learning [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(9): 2770-2776.
[2]	Xiaoling SUN, Danhui WANG, Shanshan LI. Dynamic ciphertext sorting and retrieval scheme based on blockchain [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(8): 2500-2505.
[3]	Baoyan SONG, Junxiang DING, Junlu WANG, Haolin ZHANG. Consortium blockchain modification method based on chameleon hash and verifiable secret sharing [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(7): 2087-2092.
[4]	He HUANG, Yu JIN. Cloud data auditing scheme based on voting and Ethereum smart contracts [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(7): 2093-2101.
[5]	Jiao LI, Xiushan ZHANG, Yuanhang NING. Blockchain sharding method for reducing cross-shard transaction proportion [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(6): 1889-1896.
[6]	Lipeng ZHAO, Bing GUO. Blockchain consensus improvement algorithm based on BDLS [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(4): 1139-1147.
[7]	Meihong CHEN, Lingyun YUAN, Tong XIA. Data classified and graded access control model based on master-slave multi-chain [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(4): 1148-1157.
[8]	Gaimei GAO, Jin ZHANG, Chunxia LIU, Weichao DANG, Shangwang BAI. Privacy protection scheme for crowdsourced testing tasks based on blockchain and CP-ABE policy hiding [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(3): 811-818.
[9]	Sunjie YU, Hui ZENG, Shiyu XIONG, Hongzhou SHI. Incentive mechanism for federated learning based on generative adversarial network [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(2): 344-352.
[10]	Haifeng MA, Yuxia LI, Qingshui XUE, Jiahai YANG, Yongfu GAO. Attribute-based encryption scheme for blockchain privacy protection [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(2): 485-489.
[11]	Yifan WANG, Shaofu LIN, Yunjiang LI. Highway free-flow tolling method based on blockchain and zero-knowledge proof [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(12): 3741-3750.
[12]	Yiting WANG, Wunan WAN, Shibin ZHANG, Jinquan ZHANG, Zhi QIN. Linkable ring signature scheme based on SM9 algorithm [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(12): 3709-3716.
[13]	Deyuan LIU, Jingquan ZHANG, Xing ZHANG, Wunan WAN, Shibin ZHANG, Zhi QIN. Cross-chain identity authentication scheme based on certificate-less signcryption [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(12): 3731-3740.
[14]	Keshuo SUN, Haiying GAO, Yang SONG. Multi-authority attribute-based encryption scheme for private blockchain over public blockchain [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(12): 3699-3708.
[15]	Peng FANG, Fan ZHAO, Baoquan WANG, Yi WANG, Tonghai JIANG. Development， technologies and applications of blockchain 3.0 [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(12): 3647-3657.

Blockchain‑based electronic medical record secure sharing

基于区块链的电子医疗记录安全共享

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 6

References 29

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics