Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (10): 3047-3057.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2023101391
• Artificial intelligence • Previous Articles Next Articles
Wenjuan JIANG1, Yi GUO1,2,3(), Jiaojiao FU1
Received:
2023-10-16
Revised:
2024-01-31
Accepted:
2024-02-04
Online:
2024-10-15
Published:
2024-10-10
Contact:
Yi GUO
About author:
JIANG Wenjuan, born in 1999, M. S. Her research interests include knowledge graph reasoning, temporal knowledge graph question answering.Supported by:
通讯作者:
过弋
作者简介:
蒋汶娟(1999—),女(土家族),湖北恩施人,硕士,主要研究方向:知识图谱推理、时序知识图谱问答基金资助:
CLC Number:
Wenjuan JIANG, Yi GUO, Jiaojiao FU. Reasoning question answering model of complex temporal knowledge graph with graph attention[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2024, 44(10): 3047-3057.
蒋汶娟, 过弋, 付娇娇. 融合图注意力的复杂时序知识图谱推理问答模型[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2024, 44(10): 3047-3057.
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URL: https://www.joca.cn/EN/10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2023101391
类别 | 类型 | 训练集样本数 | 验证集样本数 | 测试集样本数 |
---|---|---|---|---|
问题 类型 | Simple Entity | 90 651 | 7 745 | 7 812 |
Simple Time | 61 471 | 5 197 | 5 046 | |
Before/After | 23 869 | 1 982 | 2 151 | |
First/Last | 118 556 | 11 198 | 11 159 | |
Time_Join | 55 453 | 3 878 | 3 832 | |
答案 类型 | Entity Answer | 225 672 | 19 362 | 19 524 |
Time Answer | 124 328 | 10 638 | 13 476 | |
总样本数 | 350 000 | 30 000 | 30 000 |
Tab. 1 Statistical overview of dataset
类别 | 类型 | 训练集样本数 | 验证集样本数 | 测试集样本数 |
---|---|---|---|---|
问题 类型 | Simple Entity | 90 651 | 7 745 | 7 812 |
Simple Time | 61 471 | 5 197 | 5 046 | |
Before/After | 23 869 | 1 982 | 2 151 | |
First/Last | 118 556 | 11 198 | 11 159 | |
Time_Join | 55 453 | 3 878 | 3 832 | |
答案 类型 | Entity Answer | 225 672 | 19 362 | 19 524 |
Time Answer | 124 328 | 10 638 | 13 476 | |
总样本数 | 350 000 | 30 000 | 30 000 |
问题类型 | 问题子类型 | 问题示例 |
---|---|---|
Simple | Simple Entity | Which award did Brad Pitt receive in 2001? |
Simple Time | When was LeonAdolphe Amette the archbishop of Paris? | |
Complex | Before/After | Who was the senator of Ohio before Homer Ramey? |
First/Last | Who last held Minister of Finance of Norway’s position? | |
Time_Join | Who was speaker of the house in ESC 2005? |
Tab. 2 Example questions for different types from CRONQUESTIONS
问题类型 | 问题子类型 | 问题示例 |
---|---|---|
Simple | Simple Entity | Which award did Brad Pitt receive in 2001? |
Simple Time | When was LeonAdolphe Amette the archbishop of Paris? | |
Complex | Before/After | Who was the senator of Ohio before Homer Ramey? |
First/Last | Who last held Minister of Finance of Norway’s position? | |
Time_Join | Who was speaker of the house in ESC 2005? |
实验环境 | 具体信息 |
---|---|
操作系统 | Ubuntu 18.03 |
内存 | DDR4 64 GB |
CPU | Intel Xeon Gold 5218 |
GPU | GeForce RTX 3090 |
开发语言 | Python 3.9.0 |
深度学习框架 | PyTorch 1.9 |
Tab. 3 Experimental environment information
实验环境 | 具体信息 |
---|---|
操作系统 | Ubuntu 18.03 |
内存 | DDR4 64 GB |
CPU | Intel Xeon Gold 5218 |
GPU | GeForce RTX 3090 |
开发语言 | Python 3.9.0 |
深度学习框架 | PyTorch 1.9 |
模型 | Hits@1 | Hits@10 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
总体 | 问题类型 | 答案类型 | 总体 | 问题类型 | 答案类型 | |||||
Complex | Simple | Entity | Time | Complex | Simple | Entity | Time | |||
BERT | 0.071 | 0.086 | 0.052 | 0.077 | 0.060 | 0.213 | 0.205 | 0.225 | 0.192 | 0.253 |
RoBERTa | 0.070 | 0.086 | 0.050 | 0.082 | 0.048 | 0.202 | 0.192 | 0.215 | 0.186 | 0.231 |
KnowBERT | 0.070 | 0.083 | 0.051 | 0.081 | 0.048 | 0.201 | 0.189 | 0.217 | 0.185 | 0.230 |
EmbedKGQA | 0.288 | 0.286 | 0.290 | 0.411 | 0.057 | 0.672 | 0.632 | 0.725 | 0.850 | 0.341 |
T-EaE-add | 0.278 | 0.257 | 0.306 | 0.313 | 0.213 | 0.663 | 0.614 | 0.729 | 0.662 | 0.665 |
T-EaE-replace | 0.288 | 0.257 | 0.329 | 0.318 | 0.231 | 0.678 | 0.623 | 0.753 | 0.668 | 0.698 |
CRONKGQA | 0.647 | 0.392 | 0.987 | 0.699 | 0.549 | 0.884 | 0.802 | 0.992 | 0.898 | 0.857 |
EntityQR | 0.745 | 0.562 | 0.990 | 0.831 | 0.585 | 0.944 | 0.906 | 0.993 | 0.962 | 0.910 |
TempoQR-Soft | 0.799 | 0.655 | 0.990 | 0.876 | 0.653 | 0.957 | 0.930 | 0.993 | 0.972 | 0.929 |
CTRN-Soft | 0.806 | 0.668 | 0.990 | 0.877 | 0.673 | 0.955 | 0.927 | 0.993 | 0.969 | 0.929 |
TMA | 0.784 | 0.632 | 0.987 | 0.792 | 0.743 | 0.943 | 0.904 | 0.995 | 0.947 | 0.936 |
GACTR-Soft | 0.848 | 0.738 | 0.994 | 0.937 | 0.681 | 0.957 | 0.927 | 0.997 | 0.986 | 0.940 |
Tab. 4 Hits@1 and Hits@10 values of baseline models and proposed model on CRONQUESTIONS dataset
模型 | Hits@1 | Hits@10 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
总体 | 问题类型 | 答案类型 | 总体 | 问题类型 | 答案类型 | |||||
Complex | Simple | Entity | Time | Complex | Simple | Entity | Time | |||
BERT | 0.071 | 0.086 | 0.052 | 0.077 | 0.060 | 0.213 | 0.205 | 0.225 | 0.192 | 0.253 |
RoBERTa | 0.070 | 0.086 | 0.050 | 0.082 | 0.048 | 0.202 | 0.192 | 0.215 | 0.186 | 0.231 |
KnowBERT | 0.070 | 0.083 | 0.051 | 0.081 | 0.048 | 0.201 | 0.189 | 0.217 | 0.185 | 0.230 |
EmbedKGQA | 0.288 | 0.286 | 0.290 | 0.411 | 0.057 | 0.672 | 0.632 | 0.725 | 0.850 | 0.341 |
T-EaE-add | 0.278 | 0.257 | 0.306 | 0.313 | 0.213 | 0.663 | 0.614 | 0.729 | 0.662 | 0.665 |
T-EaE-replace | 0.288 | 0.257 | 0.329 | 0.318 | 0.231 | 0.678 | 0.623 | 0.753 | 0.668 | 0.698 |
CRONKGQA | 0.647 | 0.392 | 0.987 | 0.699 | 0.549 | 0.884 | 0.802 | 0.992 | 0.898 | 0.857 |
EntityQR | 0.745 | 0.562 | 0.990 | 0.831 | 0.585 | 0.944 | 0.906 | 0.993 | 0.962 | 0.910 |
TempoQR-Soft | 0.799 | 0.655 | 0.990 | 0.876 | 0.653 | 0.957 | 0.930 | 0.993 | 0.972 | 0.929 |
CTRN-Soft | 0.806 | 0.668 | 0.990 | 0.877 | 0.673 | 0.955 | 0.927 | 0.993 | 0.969 | 0.929 |
TMA | 0.784 | 0.632 | 0.987 | 0.792 | 0.743 | 0.943 | 0.904 | 0.995 | 0.947 | 0.936 |
GACTR-Soft | 0.848 | 0.738 | 0.994 | 0.937 | 0.681 | 0.957 | 0.927 | 0.997 | 0.986 | 0.940 |
模型 | Before/After | First/Last | Time_Join | Complex |
---|---|---|---|---|
T-EaE-replace | 0.256 | 0.288 | 0.168 | 0.257 |
CRONKGQA | 0.288 | 0.371 | 0.511 | 0.392 |
EntityQR | 0.540 | 0.493 | 0.833 | 0.562 |
TempoQR-Soft | 0.670 | 0.570 | 0.894 | 0.655 |
CTRN-Soft | 0.680 | 0.584 | 0.907 | 0.668 |
TMA | 0.581 | 0.627 | 0.675 | 0.632 |
GACTR-Soft | 0.842 | 0.656 | 0.920 | 0.738 |
Tab. 5 Hits@1 values of various models for different types of complex questions
模型 | Before/After | First/Last | Time_Join | Complex |
---|---|---|---|---|
T-EaE-replace | 0.256 | 0.288 | 0.168 | 0.257 |
CRONKGQA | 0.288 | 0.371 | 0.511 | 0.392 |
EntityQR | 0.540 | 0.493 | 0.833 | 0.562 |
TempoQR-Soft | 0.670 | 0.570 | 0.894 | 0.655 |
CTRN-Soft | 0.680 | 0.584 | 0.907 | 0.668 |
TMA | 0.581 | 0.627 | 0.675 | 0.632 |
GACTR-Soft | 0.842 | 0.656 | 0.920 | 0.738 |
模型 | Before/After | First/Last | Time_Join | Complex |
---|---|---|---|---|
GACTR-Soft | 0.910 | 0.783 | 0.733 | 0.807 |
GPT3.5 | 0.400 | 0.766 | 0.480 | 0.548 |
GLM3-6B | 0.060 | 0.100 | 0.020 | 0.062 |
Tab. 6 Hits@1 values of large-scale models and GACTR model on different types of complex questions (partial dataset)
模型 | Before/After | First/Last | Time_Join | Complex |
---|---|---|---|---|
GACTR-Soft | 0.910 | 0.783 | 0.733 | 0.807 |
GPT3.5 | 0.400 | 0.766 | 0.480 | 0.548 |
GLM3-6B | 0.060 | 0.100 | 0.020 | 0.062 |
序号 | 问题 | 问题类型 | GACTR | GPT3.5 | GLM3-6B | 正确答案 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
答案 | 答案 | 类型 | 时间词 | 答案 | 类型 | 时间词 | ||||
1 | Who was the President of the American Philological Association before 2012 Olympics? | Before/ After | Josiah Ober | Henry Rushton … | 实体 | Before | Ivan Mortimer Linforth | 实体 | Before | Josiah Ober |
2 | Who held the position of City councillor of Palafrugell after Joan Cama i Serra? | Before/ After | Francesc Alsius i Granés | Begonya Montalban i Vilas | 实体 | After | Francesc Alsius i Granés | 实体 | After | Francesc Alsius i Granés |
3 | When was the first time Jack Midson was playing in The Shrimpers? | First/Last | 2010 | 2010 | 时间 | First | Jack Midson | 实体 | First | 2010 |
4 | Which was the latest award that Virginia R. Grace received? | First/Last | Gold Medal of the … | Gold Medal of the … | 实体 | Latest | Virginia Grace | 实体 | Last | Gold Medal of the … |
5 | What person held the position of Agriculture Minister of Israel in ESC 2005? | Time_Join | Yisrael Katz | Yisrael Katz | 实体 | In | Pinhas Lavon | 实体 | Last | Yisrael Katz |
6 | Who was the Danish Defence Minister during 1956 Winter Olympics? | Time_Join | Poul Hansen | Poul Hansen | 实体 | During | Poul Hansen | 实体 | First | Poul Hansen |
Tab. 7 Typical examples of large-scale model’s wrong question answering (excessively long entity names omitted)
序号 | 问题 | 问题类型 | GACTR | GPT3.5 | GLM3-6B | 正确答案 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
答案 | 答案 | 类型 | 时间词 | 答案 | 类型 | 时间词 | ||||
1 | Who was the President of the American Philological Association before 2012 Olympics? | Before/ After | Josiah Ober | Henry Rushton … | 实体 | Before | Ivan Mortimer Linforth | 实体 | Before | Josiah Ober |
2 | Who held the position of City councillor of Palafrugell after Joan Cama i Serra? | Before/ After | Francesc Alsius i Granés | Begonya Montalban i Vilas | 实体 | After | Francesc Alsius i Granés | 实体 | After | Francesc Alsius i Granés |
3 | When was the first time Jack Midson was playing in The Shrimpers? | First/Last | 2010 | 2010 | 时间 | First | Jack Midson | 实体 | First | 2010 |
4 | Which was the latest award that Virginia R. Grace received? | First/Last | Gold Medal of the … | Gold Medal of the … | 实体 | Latest | Virginia Grace | 实体 | Last | Gold Medal of the … |
5 | What person held the position of Agriculture Minister of Israel in ESC 2005? | Time_Join | Yisrael Katz | Yisrael Katz | 实体 | In | Pinhas Lavon | 实体 | Last | Yisrael Katz |
6 | Who was the Danish Defence Minister during 1956 Winter Olympics? | Time_Join | Poul Hansen | Poul Hansen | 实体 | During | Poul Hansen | 实体 | First | Poul Hansen |
问题 类型 | 问题 | 时间关系 描述式 | GACTR | TempoQR | GRONKGQA | 正确答案 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before/ After | Who was the United States Energy Secretary after Hazel R. O’Leary | Who was the Q1029968 after Q465586 | Bill Richard son(0.677), Spencer Abraham(0.134), Samuel Bodman(0.117), Steven Chu(0.050), Ernest Moniz(0.005) | James R.Schlesinger(0.100), Ernest Moniz(0.0764), James D. Watkins(0.0431), Hazel R. O’Leary(0.040), Samuel Bodman(0.0312) | 1836(0.017), 1806(0.014), 1845(0.011), 1835(0.009), 1842(0.009) | Bill Richardson |
First/ Last | Title of the award first award received by Hans Chemin-Petit | Title of the award first award received by Q1578970 | Berliner Kunstpreis(0.234), Howard N. P …(0.133), Ernst Reuter Medal(0.090), Grand Cross of …(0.070), Knight Grand Cross…(0.045) | Canada’s Walk…(0.308), Grammy Hall…(0.190), GrammyLifetime…(0.099), PraemiumImperiale(0.070), Legion of Honour(0.039) | Henry Ⅳ of France(0.0004), Samuel Schmid(0.0003), award(0.0003), Boris Alexandro…(0.0002), Royal Consort of…(0.0002) | Berliner Kunstpreis |
Time_ Join | Who held the position of Chairman of Ways and Means during Eurovision Song Contest 2005 | Who held the position of Q5068087 during Q10151 | Michael Lord(0.593), Sylvia Heal(0.355), Dawn Primarolo(0.0373), Nigel Evans(0.011), Yvette Cooper(0.0004) | George Thomas(0.082), Oscar Murton(0.054), Bernard Weatherill(0.030), Robert Grant-Ferris(0.029), Barbara Castle(0.024) | 200304 La Liga(0.0002), De Montfort …(0.0002), Heiner Zieschang(0.0002), Graham Westley(0.0002), Juan Ojeda(0.0002) | Alan Haselhurst, Sylvia Heal; Michael Lord |
Tab. 8 Typical examples of wrong question answering of three models (excessively long entity names omitted)
问题 类型 | 问题 | 时间关系 描述式 | GACTR | TempoQR | GRONKGQA | 正确答案 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before/ After | Who was the United States Energy Secretary after Hazel R. O’Leary | Who was the Q1029968 after Q465586 | Bill Richard son(0.677), Spencer Abraham(0.134), Samuel Bodman(0.117), Steven Chu(0.050), Ernest Moniz(0.005) | James R.Schlesinger(0.100), Ernest Moniz(0.0764), James D. Watkins(0.0431), Hazel R. O’Leary(0.040), Samuel Bodman(0.0312) | 1836(0.017), 1806(0.014), 1845(0.011), 1835(0.009), 1842(0.009) | Bill Richardson |
First/ Last | Title of the award first award received by Hans Chemin-Petit | Title of the award first award received by Q1578970 | Berliner Kunstpreis(0.234), Howard N. P …(0.133), Ernst Reuter Medal(0.090), Grand Cross of …(0.070), Knight Grand Cross…(0.045) | Canada’s Walk…(0.308), Grammy Hall…(0.190), GrammyLifetime…(0.099), PraemiumImperiale(0.070), Legion of Honour(0.039) | Henry Ⅳ of France(0.0004), Samuel Schmid(0.0003), award(0.0003), Boris Alexandro…(0.0002), Royal Consort of…(0.0002) | Berliner Kunstpreis |
Time_ Join | Who held the position of Chairman of Ways and Means during Eurovision Song Contest 2005 | Who held the position of Q5068087 during Q10151 | Michael Lord(0.593), Sylvia Heal(0.355), Dawn Primarolo(0.0373), Nigel Evans(0.011), Yvette Cooper(0.0004) | George Thomas(0.082), Oscar Murton(0.054), Bernard Weatherill(0.030), Robert Grant-Ferris(0.029), Barbara Castle(0.024) | 200304 La Liga(0.0002), De Montfort …(0.0002), Heiner Zieschang(0.0002), Graham Westley(0.0002), Juan Ojeda(0.0002) | Alan Haselhurst, Sylvia Heal; Michael Lord |
方法 | Hits@1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Before/After | First/last | Time_Join | Complex | |
GACTR | 0.842 | 0.656 | 0.920 | 0.738 |
w/o Multi-Head | 0.795 | 0.535 | 0.870 | 0.642 |
w/o GAT | 0.739 | 0.642 | 0.921 | 0.629 |
w/o CNN | 0.642 | 0.502 | 0.629 | 0.548 |
w/o 集成模型 | 0.605 | 0.630 | 0.856 | 0.555 |
w/o 时序评分 | 0.650 | 0.569 | 0.852 | 0.643 |
Tab. 9 Results of ablation experiments
方法 | Hits@1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Before/After | First/last | Time_Join | Complex | |
GACTR | 0.842 | 0.656 | 0.920 | 0.738 |
w/o Multi-Head | 0.795 | 0.535 | 0.870 | 0.642 |
w/o GAT | 0.739 | 0.642 | 0.921 | 0.629 |
w/o CNN | 0.642 | 0.502 | 0.629 | 0.548 |
w/o 集成模型 | 0.605 | 0.630 | 0.856 | 0.555 |
w/o 时序评分 | 0.650 | 0.569 | 0.852 | 0.643 |
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