Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (9): 2848-2864.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024101420

• Cyber security • Previous Articles    

Research advances in blockchain consensus mechanisms and improvement algorithms

Wei GAO, Lihua LIU(), Bintao HE, Fang’an DENG   

  1. School of Mathematics and Computer Science,Shaanxi University of Technology,Hanzhong Shaanxi 723000,China
  • Received:2024-10-07 Revised:2024-12-28 Accepted:2024-12-31 Online:2025-01-03 Published:2025-09-10
  • Contact: Lihua LIU
  • About author:GAO Wei, born in 2001,M. S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain.
    HE Bintao, born in 1982, Ph. D. candidate, lecturer. His research interests include cryptography, privacy computing, blockchain.
    DENG Fang’an, born in 1963, Ph. D., professor. His research interests include abstract algebra, soft algebra theory, information security.
  • Supported by:
    Shaanxi University of Technology Research Project(SLGRCQD2137)

区块链共识机制与改进算法研究进展

高威, 刘丽华(), 和斌涛, 邓方安   

  1. 陕西理工大学 数学与计算机科学学院,陕西 汉中 723000
  • 通讯作者: 刘丽华
  • 作者简介:高威(2001—),男,陕西榆林人,硕士研究生,CCF会员,主要研究方向:区块链
    和斌涛(1982—),男,陕西西安人,讲师,博士研究生,主要研究方向:密码学、隐私计算、区块链
    邓方安(1963—),男,陕西汉中人,教授,博士,主要研究方向:抽象代数、软代数理论、信息安全。
  • 基金资助:
    陕西理工大学科研项目(SLGRCQD2137)

Abstract:

Consensus mechanism is the core of blockchain technology, and consensus algorithms are the specific technical means to achieve this mechanism. Consensus mechanism ensures consistency and correctness of blockchain database, and is crucial to system performance of the blockchain such as security, scalability and throughput. Therefore, firstly, from perspective of underlying storage of blockchain technology, consensus algorithms were divided into two categories: chain and graph, and working principles, optimization strategies and typical representative algorithms of different types of different categories of consensus algorithms were classified and reviewed. Then, in view of complex application background of blockchain, the mainstream improved algorithms of chain structure and graph structure consensus algorithms were sorted out respectively and comprehensively, and main line of consensus algorithm development was given, especially in terms of security, the algorithms were compared deeply, and advantages, disadvantages and possible security risks of them were pointed out. Finally, from multiple dimensions such as security, scalability, fairness and incentive strategy, challenges faced by the current blockchain consensus algorithms were discussed in depth, and their development trends were prospected, so as to provide theoretical reference for researchers.

Key words: blockchain, consensus algorithm, distributed system, Byzantine fault tolerance, chain storage structure, graph storage structure

摘要:

共识机制是区块链技术的核心,共识算法则是实现这一机制的具体技术手段,它确保区块链数据库的一致性和正确性,对区块链的安全性、可扩展性和吞吐量等系统性能至关重要。因此,首先从区块链技术的底层存储的角度,将共识算法分为链式和图式两类,并分类综述不同类型的共识算法的工作原理、优化策略和典型代表性算法;其次,针对区块链的复杂应用背景,分别全面梳理链式结构和图式结构共识算法的主流改进算法,给出共识算法的发展主线,特别是在安全性方面进行深入的比较,指出它们存在的优缺点和可能面临的安全风险;最后,从安全性、可扩展性、公平性和激励策略等多个维度,深入讨论当前区块链共识算法面临的挑战,并展望它们的发展趋势,为研究者提供理论参考。

关键词: 区块链, 共识算法, 分布式系统, 拜占庭容错, 链式存储结构, 图式存储结构

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