Improved coin mixing protocol based on verifiable shuffle

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024121838

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 3486-3492.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024121838

• The 7th CCF China Conference on Blockchain Technology • Previous Articles

Improved coin mixing protocol based on verifiable shuffle

Wenjun LI¹, Xian XU¹(), Mingchao WAN², Chunmiao LI²

^1.School of Computer Science and Engineering，East China University of Science and Technology，Shanghai 200237，China
^2.Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing，Beijing 100080，China

Received:2024-12-30 Revised:2025-02-22 Accepted:2025-03-03 Online:2025-03-27 Published:2025-11-10
Contact: Xian XU
About author:LI Wenjun， born in 2001， M. S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain， privacy protection.
WAN Mingchao， born in 1992， M. S.，senior engineer. His research interests include blockchain， privacy calculation.
LI Chunmiao， born in 1993， Ph. D.， senior engineer. Her research interests include blockchain security.
Supported by:
2024 Shanghai “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan” Project(24BC3200500)

改进的基于可验证洗牌的混币协议

郦文俊¹, 徐贤¹(), 万明超², 李春淼²

^1.华东理工大学计算机科学与工程系，上海 200237
^2.北京微芯区块链与边缘计算研究院，北京 100080

通讯作者: 徐贤
作者简介:郦文俊（2001—），男，上海人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：区块链、隐私保护
万明超（1992—），男，河南安阳人，高级工程师，硕士，主要研究方向：区块链、隐私计算
李春淼（1993—），女，陕西商洛人，高级工程师，博士，主要研究方向：区块链安全。
基金资助:
上海市2024年度“科技创新行动计划”项目(24BC3200500);上海市2024年度“科技创新行动计划”项目(24BC3200300)

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the bottlenecks and limitations in performance and security of existing coin mixing protocols on Ethereum， an improved coin mixing protocol based on verifiable shuffle， named EncMix， was developed. Firstly， a verifiable shuffle mechanism was incorporated to ensure that the fund flows of all participants remained completely untraceable. Next， ElGamal encryption combined with Chaum-Pedersen zero-knowledge proof was used to significantly strengthen anonymity. Finally， smart contract logic was optimized to eliminate unnecessary computational steps， thereby reducing the gas consumption required for the coin mixing process. Experimental results showed that， compared to the existing MixEth protocol， EncMix reduced costs by at least 200 000 gas per full coin mixing operation. Furthermore， under random oracle model， the EncMix protocol was proven to possess anonymity， availability， and theft-proof characteristics. In conclusion， EncMix enhances performance and reduces costs while ensuring the security of blockchain transactions， providing more robust technical support for decentralized finance applications and generating considerable economic value.

Key words: blockchain, coin mixing, verifiable shuffle, Ethereum, zero-knowledge proof

摘要：

针对现有以太坊上混币协议在性能和安全性上的瓶颈与限制，提出一种改进的基于可验证洗牌的混币协议EncMix。该协议首先引入可验证洗牌机制，确保所有参与者的资金流动完全不可追踪；其次，结合ElGamal加密技术和Chaum-Pedersen零知识证明，实现了取款的匿名性；最后，通过优化智能合约的逻辑减少不必要的计算步骤，从而减少混币流程所消耗的gas量。实验结果显示，相较于现有的MixEth协议，EncMix在一次完整的混币过程中减少了至少20万gas的成本；此外，在预言机模型下证明了EncMix协议具有匿名性、可用性和防盗性。可见EncMix在提升性能和节省成本的同时，保证了区块链交易的安全性，还能为去中心化金融应用提供更可靠的技术支持，并带来可观的经济价值。

关键词: 区块链, 混币, 可验证洗牌, 以太坊, 零知识证明

CLC Number:

TP309

Wenjun LI, Xian XU, Mingchao WAN, Chunmiao LI. Improved coin mixing protocol based on verifiable shuffle[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(11): 3486-3492.

郦文俊, 徐贤, 万明超, 李春淼. 改进的基于可验证洗牌的混币协议[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2025, 45(11): 3486-3492.

Figures/Tables 3

References 21

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协议	部署	存款	洗牌阶段		取款
协议	部署	存款	上传洗牌结果	挑战	取款
Möbius	1 046 027	76 123			335 714n
Miximus	1 751 378	732 815			1 903 305
MixEth	4 620 928	99 254	265 578+10 000n	198 680	115 719
EncMix	4 438 190	107 266	253 560+5 000n	195 137	113 750

协议	部署	存款	洗牌阶段		取款
协议	部署	存款	上传洗牌结果	挑战	取款
Möbius	1 046 027	76 123			335 714n
Miximus	1 751 378	732 815			1 903 305
MixEth	4 620 928	99 254	265 578+10 000n	198 680	115 719
EncMix	4 438 190	107 266	253 560+5 000n	195 137	113 750

Improved coin mixing protocol based on verifiable shuffle

改进的基于可验证洗牌的混币协议

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