《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (7): 2174-2183.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025060683
收稿日期:2025-06-19
修回日期:2025-09-17
接受日期:2025-09-29
发布日期:2025-10-15
出版日期:2026-07-10
通讯作者:
黄荣
作者简介:程欣铭(2001—),女,河南安阳人,硕士研究生,CCF会员,主要研究方向:后门防御基金资助:
Xinming CHENG1, Rong HUANG1,2(
), Hao LIU1,2, Xueqin JIANG1,2
Received:2025-06-19
Revised:2025-09-17
Accepted:2025-09-29
Online:2025-10-15
Published:2026-07-10
Contact:
Rong HUANG
About author:CHENG Xinming, born in 2001, M. S. candidate. Her research interests include backdoor defense.Supported by:摘要:
深度神经网络(DNN)的后门攻击严重破坏了模型决策的可信性,而现有的防御方法依赖一次性剪枝或全局微调,易导致模型准确率(ACC)的下降。针对此问题,提出一种动态靶向解毒的后门模型净化方法(DTR)。首先,利用前置激活刻画神经元的行为,以定位行为异常的中毒神经元;其次,在模型净化时进行靶向解毒,即仅微调中毒神经元,以避免在净化中对干净神经元的扰动,并有效地维持模型的ACC;再次,在模型净化过程中,通过监控神经元行为,获取神经元对净化的反馈,以动态地定位中毒神经元;最后,引入禁忌搜索策略排除对净化贡献微小的顽固神经元的干扰,加快模型净化的收敛。在3个基础数据集上针对BadNets (Backdoored neural Network)等6种后门攻击的实验结果表明,本文方法将平均攻击成功率(ASR)降至最高仅有0.21%,同时ACC提高了0.10~2.84个百分点,优于ABL (Anti-Backdoor Learning)等其他5种防御方法。可见,本文方法有效解决了传统方法因一次性剪枝或全局微调导致的模型ACC下降问题,为提升DNN安全性提供了更可靠的解决方法。
中图分类号:
程欣铭, 黄荣, 刘浩, 蒋学芹. 动态靶向解毒的后门模型净化方法[J]. 计算机应用, 2026, 46(7): 2174-2183.
Xinming CHENG, Rong HUANG, Hao LIU, Xueqin JIANG. Dynamic targeted recovery method for backdoor model purification[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2026, 46(7): 2174-2183.
| 数据集 | 攻击方法 | 防御方法 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 无防御(后门模型) | ABL | ANP | D-BR | RNP | PIPD | 本文方法 | |||||||||
| ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ||
| GTSRB | BadNets | 93.55 | 99.88 | 90.16 | 1.57 | 95.03 | 0.13 | 93.91 | 0.00 | 90.29 | 95.45 | 0.00 | |||
| Trojan | 94.98 | 99.93 | 90.06 | 2.95 | 94.12 | 0.28 | 94.31 | 0.00 | 94.07 | 0.03 | 95.22 | 0.00 | |||
| Blend | 94.16 | 100.00 | 87.87 | 6.71 | 92.54 | 1.21 | 92.76 | 0.55 | 91.74 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 94.29 | |||
| WaNet | 92.49 | 96.69 | 85.49 | 7.08 | 92.44 | 0.94 | 91.61 | 0.02 | 91.26 | 0.00 | 0.91 | 95.33 | |||
| Dynamic | 95.23 | 99.51 | 88.50 | 6.04 | 93.83 | 0.94 | 94.14 | 91.23 | 1.43 | 0.64 | 97.23 | 0.00 | |||
| 平均 | 94.08 | 99.20 | 88.42 | 4.87 | 93.59 | 0.70 | 93.35 | 91.72 | 0.47 | 95.50 | 0.03 | ||||
| CIFAR10 | BadNets | 92.04 | 100.00 | 84.22 | 0.84 | 90.71 | 0.12 | 0.58 | 87.76 | 0.71 | 0.58 | 92.83 | |||
| Trojan | 93.13 | 99.90 | 85.41 | 0.70 | 87.93 | 0.14 | 1.22 | 89.38 | 0.31 | 90.78 | 1.46 | 93.23 | |||
| Blend | 91.82 | 100.0 | 74.59 | 88.12 | 0.68 | 85.11 | 1.36 | 84.69 | 0.64 | 1.03 | 92.18 | 0.00 | |||
| WaNet | 93.66 | 99.11 | 76.11 | 7.64 | 91.53 | 0.76 | 81.07 | 0.94 | 91.94 | 0.74 | 94.29 | 0.03 | |||
| CL | 94.63 | 100.00 | 87.19 | 3.28 | 92.09 | 5.87 | 86.02 | 4.26 | 87.83 | 5.26 | 95.02 | 0.22 | |||
| Dynamic | 92.99 | 98.10 | 61.21 | 6.87 | 92.01 | 3.63 | 93.94 | 1.57 | 90.08 | 3.02 | 89.66 | 0.57 | |||
| 平均 | 93.05 | 99.52 | 78.12 | 3.23 | 90.40 | 1.87 | 88.46 | 1.65 | 88.61 | 1.55 | 93.58 | 0.21 | |||
| CIFAR100 | BadNets | 69.98 | 99.13 | 66.57 | 0.33 | 63.88 | 17.83 | 64.30 | 0.97 | 63.94 | 0.00 | 70.57 | 0.00 | ||
| Trojan | 70.60 | 99.84 | 65.87 | 0.00 | 69.52 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 66.75 | 0.00 | 67.63 | 70.88 | 0.00 | |||
| Blend | 73.23 | 99.97 | 62.83 | 3.14 | 71.60 | 17.14 | 66.52 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 71.79 | 73.42 | 0.00 | |||
| CL | 71.09 | 81.00 | 6.82 | 60.20 | 29.66 | 65.94 | 3.86 | 58.19 | 67.22 | 0.00 | 72.30 | 0.00 | |||
| 平均 | 71.22 | 94.98 | 65.81 | 2.57 | 66.30 | 16.25 | 66.33 | 1.33 | 65.35 | 0.95 | 71.79 | 0.00 | |||
表1 6种防御方法在3种数据集上不同后门攻击下的防御性能 ( %)
Tab. 1 Defense performance of six defense methods against different backdoor attacks on three datasets
| 数据集 | 攻击方法 | 防御方法 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 无防御(后门模型) | ABL | ANP | D-BR | RNP | PIPD | 本文方法 | |||||||||
| ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ACC | ASR | ||
| GTSRB | BadNets | 93.55 | 99.88 | 90.16 | 1.57 | 95.03 | 0.13 | 93.91 | 0.00 | 90.29 | 95.45 | 0.00 | |||
| Trojan | 94.98 | 99.93 | 90.06 | 2.95 | 94.12 | 0.28 | 94.31 | 0.00 | 94.07 | 0.03 | 95.22 | 0.00 | |||
| Blend | 94.16 | 100.00 | 87.87 | 6.71 | 92.54 | 1.21 | 92.76 | 0.55 | 91.74 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 94.29 | |||
| WaNet | 92.49 | 96.69 | 85.49 | 7.08 | 92.44 | 0.94 | 91.61 | 0.02 | 91.26 | 0.00 | 0.91 | 95.33 | |||
| Dynamic | 95.23 | 99.51 | 88.50 | 6.04 | 93.83 | 0.94 | 94.14 | 91.23 | 1.43 | 0.64 | 97.23 | 0.00 | |||
| 平均 | 94.08 | 99.20 | 88.42 | 4.87 | 93.59 | 0.70 | 93.35 | 91.72 | 0.47 | 95.50 | 0.03 | ||||
| CIFAR10 | BadNets | 92.04 | 100.00 | 84.22 | 0.84 | 90.71 | 0.12 | 0.58 | 87.76 | 0.71 | 0.58 | 92.83 | |||
| Trojan | 93.13 | 99.90 | 85.41 | 0.70 | 87.93 | 0.14 | 1.22 | 89.38 | 0.31 | 90.78 | 1.46 | 93.23 | |||
| Blend | 91.82 | 100.0 | 74.59 | 88.12 | 0.68 | 85.11 | 1.36 | 84.69 | 0.64 | 1.03 | 92.18 | 0.00 | |||
| WaNet | 93.66 | 99.11 | 76.11 | 7.64 | 91.53 | 0.76 | 81.07 | 0.94 | 91.94 | 0.74 | 94.29 | 0.03 | |||
| CL | 94.63 | 100.00 | 87.19 | 3.28 | 92.09 | 5.87 | 86.02 | 4.26 | 87.83 | 5.26 | 95.02 | 0.22 | |||
| Dynamic | 92.99 | 98.10 | 61.21 | 6.87 | 92.01 | 3.63 | 93.94 | 1.57 | 90.08 | 3.02 | 89.66 | 0.57 | |||
| 平均 | 93.05 | 99.52 | 78.12 | 3.23 | 90.40 | 1.87 | 88.46 | 1.65 | 88.61 | 1.55 | 93.58 | 0.21 | |||
| CIFAR100 | BadNets | 69.98 | 99.13 | 66.57 | 0.33 | 63.88 | 17.83 | 64.30 | 0.97 | 63.94 | 0.00 | 70.57 | 0.00 | ||
| Trojan | 70.60 | 99.84 | 65.87 | 0.00 | 69.52 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 66.75 | 0.00 | 67.63 | 70.88 | 0.00 | |||
| Blend | 73.23 | 99.97 | 62.83 | 3.14 | 71.60 | 17.14 | 66.52 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 71.79 | 73.42 | 0.00 | |||
| CL | 71.09 | 81.00 | 6.82 | 60.20 | 29.66 | 65.94 | 3.86 | 58.19 | 67.22 | 0.00 | 72.30 | 0.00 | |||
| 平均 | 71.22 | 94.98 | 65.81 | 2.57 | 66.30 | 16.25 | 66.33 | 1.33 | 65.35 | 0.95 | 71.79 | 0.00 | |||
| 数据集 | 攻击方法 | 不同防御方法影响的神经元数 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANP | RNP | 本文方法 | ||
| GTSRB | BadNets | 124 | 108 | 84 |
| Trojan | 113 | 129 | 67 | |
| Blend | 284 | 230 | 158 | |
| WaNet | 233 | 246 | 142 | |
| Dynamic | 191 | 171 | 85 | |
| 平均 | 189 | 177 | 107 | |
| CIFAR10 | BadNets | 315 | 379 | 104 |
| Trojan | 509 | 215 | 79 | |
| Blend | 548 | 276 | 166 | |
| WaNet | 240 | 157 | 180 | |
| CL | 198 | 234 | 119 | |
| Dynamic | 119 | 115 | 135 | |
| 平均 | 322 | 229 | 131 | |
| CIFAR100 | BadNets | 152 | 130 | 65 |
| Trojan | 107 | 96 | 50 | |
| Blend | 180 | 153 | 99 | |
| CL | 143 | 118 | 80 | |
| 平均 | 146 | 124 | 74 | |
表2 不同防御方法影响的神经元数对比
Tab. 2 Comparison of numbers of neurons of different defense methods
| 数据集 | 攻击方法 | 不同防御方法影响的神经元数 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANP | RNP | 本文方法 | ||
| GTSRB | BadNets | 124 | 108 | 84 |
| Trojan | 113 | 129 | 67 | |
| Blend | 284 | 230 | 158 | |
| WaNet | 233 | 246 | 142 | |
| Dynamic | 191 | 171 | 85 | |
| 平均 | 189 | 177 | 107 | |
| CIFAR10 | BadNets | 315 | 379 | 104 |
| Trojan | 509 | 215 | 79 | |
| Blend | 548 | 276 | 166 | |
| WaNet | 240 | 157 | 180 | |
| CL | 198 | 234 | 119 | |
| Dynamic | 119 | 115 | 135 | |
| 平均 | 322 | 229 | 131 | |
| CIFAR100 | BadNets | 152 | 130 | 65 |
| Trojan | 107 | 96 | 50 | |
| Blend | 180 | 153 | 99 | |
| CL | 143 | 118 | 80 | |
| 平均 | 146 | 124 | 74 | |
图6 不同大小周期组合净化后的样本在特征空间中的分布
Fig. 6 Distribution of samples in feature space after purification with different combinations of macro-cycle and micro-cycle
| 攻击方法 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACC | ASR | 微调神经元数 | ACC | ASR | 微调神经元数 | ACC | ASR | 微调神经元数 | ACC | ASR | 微调神经元数 | |
| BadNets | 92.77 | 0.89 | 34 | 92.79 | 0.42 | 69 | 92.83 | 0.16 | 104 | 92.49 | 0.12 | 125 |
| Blend | 92.14 | 0.56 | 62 | 92.14 | 0.09 | 118 | 92.18 | 0.00 | 166 | 91.88 | 0.03 | 214 |
| Trojan | 93.32 | 14.67 | 38 | 93.26 | 3.23 | 59 | 93.23 | 0.27 | 79 | 93.48 | 0.50 | 116 |
| WaNet | 94.27 | 0.02 | 57 | 94.27 | 0.04 | 116 | 94.29 | 0.03 | 180 | 94.14 | 0.07 | 230 |
| CL | 94.90 | 5.18 | 32 | 95.02 | 0.17 | 57 | 95.02 | 0.22 | 119 | 94.59 | 0.40 | 160 |
| Dynamic | 93.90 | 5.31 | 60 | 93.89 | 0.88 | 97 | 93.92 | 0.57 | 135 | 92.61 | 0.12 | 174 |
表3 中毒神经元集合比例ρ%对模型净化的影响
Tab. 3 Impact of proportion ρ% of subsets of poisoned neurons on model purification
| 攻击方法 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACC | ASR | 微调神经元数 | ACC | ASR | 微调神经元数 | ACC | ASR | 微调神经元数 | ACC | ASR | 微调神经元数 | |
| BadNets | 92.77 | 0.89 | 34 | 92.79 | 0.42 | 69 | 92.83 | 0.16 | 104 | 92.49 | 0.12 | 125 |
| Blend | 92.14 | 0.56 | 62 | 92.14 | 0.09 | 118 | 92.18 | 0.00 | 166 | 91.88 | 0.03 | 214 |
| Trojan | 93.32 | 14.67 | 38 | 93.26 | 3.23 | 59 | 93.23 | 0.27 | 79 | 93.48 | 0.50 | 116 |
| WaNet | 94.27 | 0.02 | 57 | 94.27 | 0.04 | 116 | 94.29 | 0.03 | 180 | 94.14 | 0.07 | 230 |
| CL | 94.90 | 5.18 | 32 | 95.02 | 0.17 | 57 | 95.02 | 0.22 | 119 | 94.59 | 0.40 | 160 |
| Dynamic | 93.90 | 5.31 | 60 | 93.89 | 0.88 | 97 | 93.92 | 0.57 | 135 | 92.61 | 0.12 | 174 |
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