《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (6): 1746-1755.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025050661
收稿日期:2025-06-23
修回日期:2025-08-18
接受日期:2025-08-26
发布日期:2025-09-16
出版日期:2026-06-10
通讯作者:
顾瑞春
作者简介:董汦楗(2000—),男,河南三门峡人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向:联邦学习基金资助:Received:2025-06-23
Revised:2025-08-18
Accepted:2025-08-26
Online:2025-09-16
Published:2026-06-10
Contact:
Ruichun GU
About author:DONG Zhijian, born in 2000, M. S. candidate. His research interests include federated learning.Supported by:摘要:
为了解决联邦学习中非独立同分布(Non-IID)数据下统计异质性导致的模型性能退化问题,提出一种融合动态特征对齐与温度感知聚合的联邦学习框架(FedDTA)。该框架通过动态特征对齐和温度感知聚合协同优化客户端漂移,包含2个核心组件:基于切片Wasserstein距离(SWD)的动态正则化方法,利用低维蒙特卡洛投影实现局部-全局特征分布对齐,从而降低计算复杂度并抑制特征偏移;结合可学习投影网络与退火温度调度的分层聚合策略,基于参数差异动态分配客户端权重。实验结果表明,在强异质性(Dirichlet α=0.1)条件下,相较于次优的FedKTL(Federated Knowledge-Transfer-Loop)和FedCMD(Federated learning with Contrastive cloud-edge Model Decoupling),FedDTA在CIFAR-10与CIFAR-100数据集上准确率分别提升了1.698与0.714个百分点。可见,FedDTA在多数据场景下具有更优的泛化能力。消融实验结果验证了SWD对齐显著减少了特征漂移,而温度调度优化平衡了探索与利用。FedDTA框架无需暴露原始数据,能为医疗协作和工业物联网等隐私敏感场景提供了理论与技术支持。
中图分类号:
董汦楗, 顾瑞春. 融合动态特征对齐与温度感知聚合的联邦学习框架[J]. 计算机应用, 2026, 46(6): 1746-1755.
Zhijian DONG, Ruichun GU. Federated learning framework integrating dynamic feature alignment and temperature-aware aggregation[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2026, 46(6): 1746-1755.
| 符号 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| t,T | t为循环轮次, |
| k,K | k为客户端数, |
| 动态正则化系数和初始正则化强度 | |
| 客户端本地数据分布和全局数据分布 | |
| μ,ν | 特征空间的概率分布, μ为全局分布,ν为客户端局部分布 |
| 全局最优解 | |
| 第k个客户端在第t轮的本地模型参数 | |
| 第k个客户端第t轮全局模型损失函数 | |
| 第k个客户端的本地损失函数 | |
| 客户端k的梯度 | |
| Γ(μ,ν) | 边缘分布为μ和ν的所有联合分布集合 |
| d(x,y) | 点x和y之间的距离(如欧氏距离) |
| p | 阶数,常用p=1或p=2 |
| 温度系数 | |
| τinit,τfinal | 初始温度值和最终温度值 |
| Hessian最小特征值(假设强凸) | |
| 特征对齐误差界 | |
| γ | 温度衰减率 |
| β | 方差敏感因子,调节客户端贡献差异对温度的 影响程度,抑制离群客户端干扰 |
表1 主要符号
Tab. 1 Main symbols
| 符号 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| t,T | t为循环轮次, |
| k,K | k为客户端数, |
| 动态正则化系数和初始正则化强度 | |
| 客户端本地数据分布和全局数据分布 | |
| μ,ν | 特征空间的概率分布, μ为全局分布,ν为客户端局部分布 |
| 全局最优解 | |
| 第k个客户端在第t轮的本地模型参数 | |
| 第k个客户端第t轮全局模型损失函数 | |
| 第k个客户端的本地损失函数 | |
| 客户端k的梯度 | |
| Γ(μ,ν) | 边缘分布为μ和ν的所有联合分布集合 |
| d(x,y) | 点x和y之间的距离(如欧氏距离) |
| p | 阶数,常用p=1或p=2 |
| 温度系数 | |
| τinit,τfinal | 初始温度值和最终温度值 |
| Hessian最小特征值(假设强凸) | |
| 特征对齐误差界 | |
| γ | 温度衰减率 |
| β | 方差敏感因子,调节客户端贡献差异对温度的 影响程度,抑制离群客户端干扰 |
| 数据集 | 样本数 | 类别数 | 图像尺寸 | 描述 | 发表年份 | 训练集样本数 | 测试集样本数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIFAR-10 | 60 000 | 10 | 32×32 | 自然物体RGB图像(10大类) | 2009 | 45 000 | 15 000 |
| CIFAR-100 | 60 000 | 100 | 32×32 | 自然物体RGB图像(100小类) | 2009 | 45 000 | 15 000 |
| EMNIST | 814 255 | 47 | 28×28 | 扩展手写字母与数字灰度图像 | 2017 | 61 069 | 20 356 |
| FMNIST | 70 000 | 10 | 28×28 | 时尚商品灰度图像 | 2017 | 52 500 | 17 500 |
| MNIST | 70 000 | 10 | 28×28 | 手写数字灰度图像 | 1998 | 52 500 | 17 500 |
| SVHN | 99 289 | 10 | 32×32 | 街景门牌号RGB图像 | 2011 | 74 467 | 24 822 |
表2 数据集的统计信息
Tab. 2 Statistical information of datasets
| 数据集 | 样本数 | 类别数 | 图像尺寸 | 描述 | 发表年份 | 训练集样本数 | 测试集样本数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIFAR-10 | 60 000 | 10 | 32×32 | 自然物体RGB图像(10大类) | 2009 | 45 000 | 15 000 |
| CIFAR-100 | 60 000 | 100 | 32×32 | 自然物体RGB图像(100小类) | 2009 | 45 000 | 15 000 |
| EMNIST | 814 255 | 47 | 28×28 | 扩展手写字母与数字灰度图像 | 2017 | 61 069 | 20 356 |
| FMNIST | 70 000 | 10 | 28×28 | 时尚商品灰度图像 | 2017 | 52 500 | 17 500 |
| MNIST | 70 000 | 10 | 28×28 | 手写数字灰度图像 | 1998 | 52 500 | 17 500 |
| SVHN | 99 289 | 10 | 32×32 | 街景门牌号RGB图像 | 2011 | 74 467 | 24 822 |
| α | 方法 | 不同数据集上的分类准确率/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIFAR-10 | CIFAR-100 | EMNIST | FMNIST | MNIST | SVHN | ||
| 0.1 | FedAvg | 24.235 | 13.743 | 75.770 | 77.976 | 94.723 | 68.704 |
| FedProx | 28.502 | 12.796 | 74.059 | 79.216 | 93.406 | 69.968 | |
| FedPer | 81.604 | 36.714 | 93.847 | 95.259 | 97.896 | 92.709 | |
| FedRep | 84.809 | 36.812 | 94.192 | 94.923 | 97.472 | 91.077 | |
| FedDyn | 27.804 | 13.255 | 74.782 | 78.932 | 94.301 | 72.369 | |
| PFedSim | 81.878 | 38.281 | 94.401 | 96.315 | 99.026 | 93.297 | |
| FedALA | 87.022 | 45.960 | 94.627 | 95.562 | 99.093 | 93.957 | |
| FedKTL | 46.942 | 99.125 | 94.536 | ||||
| FedCMD | 87.159 | 94.233 | 96.496 | ||||
| FedDTA | 88.961 | 48.561 | 95.835 | 96.972 | 99.339 | 95.562 | |
| 0.5 | FedAvg | 44.512 | 17.352 | 81.816 | 83.726 | 96.066 | 82.317 |
| FedProx | 44.865 | 16.683 | 81.441 | 83.441 | 95.936 | 81.910 | |
| FedPer | 61.567 | 16.910 | 88.030 | 89.661 | 97.694 | 87.485 | |
| FedRep | 63.621 | 15.768 | 88.563 | 89.254 | 96.394 | 83.377 | |
| FedDyn | 43.921 | 16.487 | 81.902 | 83.708 | 97.027 | 82.568 | |
| PFedSim | 61.350 | 22.358 | 90.052 | 89.803 | 97.966 | 88.324 | |
| FedALA | 68.463 | 25.932 | 88.725 | 90.463 | 98.004 | 88.981 | |
| FedKTL | 70.472 | 27.116 | 89.791 | 91.038 | 98.293 | 89.771 | |
| FedCMD | 89.473 | ||||||
| FedDTA | 73.096 | 29.334 | 91.983 | 98.762 | 91.147 | ||
| 1.0 | FedAvg | 44.989 | 17.224 | 82.634 | 83.908 | 96.950 | 83.069 |
| FedProx | 44.561 | 15.430 | 82.127 | 84.529 | 95.936 | 82.489 | |
| FedPer | 56.639 | 12.393 | 84.364 | 88.212 | 96.587 | 86.155 | |
| FedRep | 55.266 | 10.298 | 84.075 | 85.733 | 94.586 | 82.247 | |
| FedDyn | 45.461 | 16.849 | 82.581 | 83.870 | 96.078 | 81.570 | |
| PFedSim | 56.056 | 16.977 | 88.562 | 97.594 | 87.560 | ||
| FedALA | 60.492 | 18.624 | 86.436 | 88.968 | 97.741 | 88.902 | |
| FedKTL | 64.025 | 20.584 | 85.634 | 89.296 | 97.982 | 88.752 | |
| FedCMD | 85.499 | ||||||
| FedDTA | 66.209 | 23.916 | 87.289 | 90.218 | 98.345 | 89.848 | |
表3 不同α值时LeNet5模型的分类准确率
Tab.3 Classification accuracies of LeNet5 model at different α values
| α | 方法 | 不同数据集上的分类准确率/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIFAR-10 | CIFAR-100 | EMNIST | FMNIST | MNIST | SVHN | ||
| 0.1 | FedAvg | 24.235 | 13.743 | 75.770 | 77.976 | 94.723 | 68.704 |
| FedProx | 28.502 | 12.796 | 74.059 | 79.216 | 93.406 | 69.968 | |
| FedPer | 81.604 | 36.714 | 93.847 | 95.259 | 97.896 | 92.709 | |
| FedRep | 84.809 | 36.812 | 94.192 | 94.923 | 97.472 | 91.077 | |
| FedDyn | 27.804 | 13.255 | 74.782 | 78.932 | 94.301 | 72.369 | |
| PFedSim | 81.878 | 38.281 | 94.401 | 96.315 | 99.026 | 93.297 | |
| FedALA | 87.022 | 45.960 | 94.627 | 95.562 | 99.093 | 93.957 | |
| FedKTL | 46.942 | 99.125 | 94.536 | ||||
| FedCMD | 87.159 | 94.233 | 96.496 | ||||
| FedDTA | 88.961 | 48.561 | 95.835 | 96.972 | 99.339 | 95.562 | |
| 0.5 | FedAvg | 44.512 | 17.352 | 81.816 | 83.726 | 96.066 | 82.317 |
| FedProx | 44.865 | 16.683 | 81.441 | 83.441 | 95.936 | 81.910 | |
| FedPer | 61.567 | 16.910 | 88.030 | 89.661 | 97.694 | 87.485 | |
| FedRep | 63.621 | 15.768 | 88.563 | 89.254 | 96.394 | 83.377 | |
| FedDyn | 43.921 | 16.487 | 81.902 | 83.708 | 97.027 | 82.568 | |
| PFedSim | 61.350 | 22.358 | 90.052 | 89.803 | 97.966 | 88.324 | |
| FedALA | 68.463 | 25.932 | 88.725 | 90.463 | 98.004 | 88.981 | |
| FedKTL | 70.472 | 27.116 | 89.791 | 91.038 | 98.293 | 89.771 | |
| FedCMD | 89.473 | ||||||
| FedDTA | 73.096 | 29.334 | 91.983 | 98.762 | 91.147 | ||
| 1.0 | FedAvg | 44.989 | 17.224 | 82.634 | 83.908 | 96.950 | 83.069 |
| FedProx | 44.561 | 15.430 | 82.127 | 84.529 | 95.936 | 82.489 | |
| FedPer | 56.639 | 12.393 | 84.364 | 88.212 | 96.587 | 86.155 | |
| FedRep | 55.266 | 10.298 | 84.075 | 85.733 | 94.586 | 82.247 | |
| FedDyn | 45.461 | 16.849 | 82.581 | 83.870 | 96.078 | 81.570 | |
| PFedSim | 56.056 | 16.977 | 88.562 | 97.594 | 87.560 | ||
| FedALA | 60.492 | 18.624 | 86.436 | 88.968 | 97.741 | 88.902 | |
| FedKTL | 64.025 | 20.584 | 85.634 | 89.296 | 97.982 | 88.752 | |
| FedCMD | 85.499 | ||||||
| FedDTA | 66.209 | 23.916 | 87.289 | 90.218 | 98.345 | 89.848 | |
| 算法 | CIFAR-10 | CIFAR-100 | SVHN | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R=10% | R=30% | R=50% | R=10% | R=30% | R=50% | R=10% | R=30% | R=50% | |
| FedAvg | 24.235 | 25.232 | 25.125 | 13.743 | 14.176 | 14.570 | 68.704 | 69.358 | 69.628 |
| FedProx | 28.502 | 28.938 | 29.248 | 12.796 | 12.327 | 12.213 | 69.968 | 70.054 | 70.761 |
| FedPer | 81.604 | 81.952 | 82.425 | 36.714 | 36.849 | 37.432 | 92.709 | 92.896 | 92.513 |
| FedRep | 84.809 | 84.580 | 84.820 | 36.812 | 36.452 | 36.765 | 91.077 | 91.594 | 91.251 |
| FedDyn | 27.804 | 28.188 | 28.643 | 13.255 | 13.259 | 13.689 | 72.369 | 73.073 | 73.761 |
| PFedSim | 81.878 | 82.650 | 82.953 | 38.281 | 38.001 | 38.649 | 93.297 | 93.176 | 94.302 |
| FedALA | 87.022 | 87.325 | 87.536 | 45.960 | 46.213 | 46.334 | 93.957 | 94.441 | 94.792 |
| FedKTL | 88.754 | 46.942 | 47.495 | 48.120 | 94.536 | 94.968 | 95.302 | ||
| FedCMD | 87.159 | 88.689 | 94.951 | ||||||
| FedDTA | 88.961 | 89.017 | 89.271 | 48.561 | 48.850 | 49.272 | 95.308 | 95.516 | |
表4 不同客户端参与率下各算法在不同数据集上的分类准确率对比 (%)
Tab.4 Comparison of classification accuracy of different algorithms under different client participation rates
| 算法 | CIFAR-10 | CIFAR-100 | SVHN | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R=10% | R=30% | R=50% | R=10% | R=30% | R=50% | R=10% | R=30% | R=50% | |
| FedAvg | 24.235 | 25.232 | 25.125 | 13.743 | 14.176 | 14.570 | 68.704 | 69.358 | 69.628 |
| FedProx | 28.502 | 28.938 | 29.248 | 12.796 | 12.327 | 12.213 | 69.968 | 70.054 | 70.761 |
| FedPer | 81.604 | 81.952 | 82.425 | 36.714 | 36.849 | 37.432 | 92.709 | 92.896 | 92.513 |
| FedRep | 84.809 | 84.580 | 84.820 | 36.812 | 36.452 | 36.765 | 91.077 | 91.594 | 91.251 |
| FedDyn | 27.804 | 28.188 | 28.643 | 13.255 | 13.259 | 13.689 | 72.369 | 73.073 | 73.761 |
| PFedSim | 81.878 | 82.650 | 82.953 | 38.281 | 38.001 | 38.649 | 93.297 | 93.176 | 94.302 |
| FedALA | 87.022 | 87.325 | 87.536 | 45.960 | 46.213 | 46.334 | 93.957 | 94.441 | 94.792 |
| FedKTL | 88.754 | 46.942 | 47.495 | 48.120 | 94.536 | 94.968 | 95.302 | ||
| FedCMD | 87.159 | 88.689 | 94.951 | ||||||
| FedDTA | 88.961 | 89.017 | 89.271 | 48.561 | 48.850 | 49.272 | 95.308 | 95.516 | |
| 不同数据集上的分类准确率/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| CIFAR-10 | CIFAR-100 | SVHN | |
| 3 | 88.283 | 47.974 | 95.287 |
| 5 | 88.961 | 48.561 | 95.562 |
| 7 | 88.460 | 48.185 | 95.328 |
| 9 | 88.239 | 47.925 | 95.245 |
| 10 | 88.208 | 48.234 | 95.098 |
表5 超参数τ对算法分类准确率的影响
Tab. 5 Impact of hyperparameter τ on classification accuracy of algorithm
| 不同数据集上的分类准确率/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| CIFAR-10 | CIFAR-100 | SVHN | |
| 3 | 88.283 | 47.974 | 95.287 |
| 5 | 88.961 | 48.561 | 95.562 |
| 7 | 88.460 | 48.185 | 95.328 |
| 9 | 88.239 | 47.925 | 95.245 |
| 10 | 88.208 | 48.234 | 95.098 |
| 距离方法 | 平均时间/s | 加速比 | 准确率/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wasserstein | 1.702 2 | 1.00 | 89.017 |
| SWD | 1.089 8 | 1.56 | 88.899 |
| MMD | 1.122 0 | 1.52 | 87.352 |
| Cosine | 0.295 0 | 5.77 | 84.912 |
表6 不同特征对齐距离的平均计算时间与模型分类准确率比较
Tab. 6 Comparison of average calculation time and model classification accuracy with different feature alignment distances
| 距离方法 | 平均时间/s | 加速比 | 准确率/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wasserstein | 1.702 2 | 1.00 | 89.017 |
| SWD | 1.089 8 | 1.56 | 88.899 |
| MMD | 1.122 0 | 1.52 | 87.352 |
| Cosine | 0.295 0 | 5.77 | 84.912 |
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