《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 3669-3677.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2023121819

• 2023 CCF中国区块链技术大会(CCF CBCC 2023) • 上一篇    下一篇

零知识证明赋能区块链的进展与展望

贾淼1, 姚中原1(), 祝卫华1, 高婷婷1, 斯雪明1,2, 邓翔3   

  1. 1.中原工学院 前沿信息技术研究院,郑州 450007
    2.河南省区块链与数据共享国际联合实验室(中原工学院),郑州 450007
    3.河南测绘职业学院 时空大数据产业学院,郑州 451163
  • 收稿日期:2023-12-29 修回日期:2024-02-14 接受日期:2024-02-26 发布日期:2024-04-19 出版日期:2024-12-10
  • 通讯作者: 姚中原
  • 作者简介:贾淼(1999—),女,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向:密码学、区块链
    祝卫华(1977—),男,湖北荆门人,副教授,博士,CCF会员,主要研究方向:密码学与网络信息安全、区块链
    高婷婷(2000—),女,甘肃平凉人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向:密码学、区块链
    斯雪明(1966—),男,浙江诸暨人,教授,博士,CCF会员,主要研究方向:密码学、区块链
    邓翔(1991—),男,河南开封人,主要研究方向:数据处理、数据安全。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划“区块链”专项(2023YFB2703600)

Progress and prospect of zero-knowledge proof enabling blockchain

Miao JIA1, Zhongyuan YAO1(), Weihua ZHU1, Tingting GAO1, Xueming SI1,2, Xiang DENG3   

  1. 1.The Frontier Information Technology Research institute,Zhongyuan University of Technology,Zhengzhou Henan 450007,China
    2.Henan International Joint Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Sharing (Zhongyuan University of Technology),Zhengzhou Henan 450007,China
    3.Spatiotemporal Big Data Industry College,Henan College of Surveying and Mapping,Zhengzhou Henan 451163,China
  • Received:2023-12-29 Revised:2024-02-14 Accepted:2024-02-26 Online:2024-04-19 Published:2024-12-10
  • Contact: Zhongyuan YAO
  • About author:JIA Miao, born in 1999, M. S. candidate. Her research interests include cryptology, blockchain.
    ZHU Weihua, born in 1977, Ph. D., associate professor. His research interests include cryptology and network information security, blockchain.
    GAO Tingting, born in 2000, M. S. candidate. Her research interests include cryptology, blockchain.
    SI Xueming, born in 1966, Ph. D., professor. His research interests include cryptology, blockchain.
    DENG Xiang, born in 1991. His research interests include data processing, data security.
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program on Blockchain(2023YFB2703600)

摘要:

因为去中心化和不可篡改等特点,区块链技术已经广泛应用于社会治理、教育和医疗等领域。然而,随着应用的不断深入,需求的不断增多,区块链系统面临着安全问题、存储不足以及价值孤岛等一系列挑战。因此,区块链在隐私保护、扩容和跨链互操作性方面的需求日益凸显。将零知识证明(ZKP)技术赋能区块链,可以使区块链实现高级别的匿名性和事务隐私保护,基于ZKP的有效性证明可取代完整的数据由侧链或链下角色提交给主链,基于ZKP的共识证明可更高效地提升区块链跨链协议的性能。针对ZKP赋能区块链的现状亟待综合对比分析的问题,研究ZKP赋能区块链的进展与展望,而基于ZKP技术赋能区块链的相关进展,系统性地总结了近年来的代表性方案。首先,介绍了零知识技术的发展脉络;其次,分类总结基于ZKP技术的区块链的代表性应用,重点介绍这些应用的实现思路和创新点,并基于典型案例对这些应用在区块大小、证明大小、交易费用等指标上分析性能;最后,展望ZKP技术在区块链隐私保护、扩容和跨链的发展前景中的应用。

关键词: 区块链, 隐私保护, 扩容, 跨链, 零知识证明, 非交互零知识证明

Abstract:

With decentralized and immutable characteristics, blockchain technology has been widely applied in the fields such as social governance, education, and healthcare. However, as the applications deepen and the demands increase, a number of challenges such as security issues, insufficient storage, and silo of value are faced by blockchain systems. Consequently, the needs for blockchain in terms of privacy protection, expansion, and cross-chain interoperability are becoming prominent increasingly. Enabling blockchain with Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) technology can enable advanced anonymity and transaction privacy protection. At the same time, KPZ-based effectiveness proof can replace complete data submitted by side-chain or off-chain roles to the main chain, and KPZ-based consensus proof can improve the performance of blockchain cross-chain protocols significantly. Aiming at the urgent need for comprehensive comparative analysis of the current situation of ZKP enabling blockchain, a research on the progress and prospect of ZKP enabling blockchain was carried out, and based on the related progress of ZKP technology enabling blockchain, representative solutions in recent years were summarized systematically. Firstly, the development context of zero-knowledge technology was introduced. Then, representative applications of blockchain based on ZKP technology were categorized and summed up, and the realization ideas and innovation points of these applications were introduced emphatically. At the same time, based on typical cases, these applications were analyzed in the performance under indicators such as block size, proof size and transaction cost. Finally, the applications of ZKP technology in the development of blockchain privacy protection, expansion and cross-chain development opportunities were prospected.

Key words: blockchain, privacy protection, expansion, cross-chain, Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP), Non-Interactive Zero Knowledge (NIZK) proof

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