《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (6): 1776-1784.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025060737
王美华1, 黄杰1, 温雯2(
), 蔡瑞初2, 黄沛杰1, 徐禹洪1, 林新龙1
收稿日期:2025-07-05
修回日期:2026-01-08
接受日期:2026-01-14
发布日期:2026-02-05
出版日期:2026-06-10
通讯作者:
温雯
作者简介:王美华(1970—),女,江苏常州人,副教授,硕士,主要研究方向:机器学习、知识图谱与持续学习、数据挖掘基金资助:
Meihua WANG1, Jie HUANG1, Wen WEN2(
), Ruichu CAI2, Peijie HUANG1, Yuhong XU1, Xinlong LIN1
Received:2025-07-05
Revised:2026-01-08
Accepted:2026-01-14
Online:2026-02-05
Published:2026-06-10
Contact:
Wen WEN
About author:WANG Meihua, born in 1970, M. S., associate professor. Her research interests include machine learning, knowledge graph and continuous learning, data mining.Supported by:摘要:
针对现有的知识图谱(KG)嵌入模型无法适应不断增长的KG的问题,提出一种基于梯度正交投影的动态KG持续嵌入方法GOPemb (Gradient Orthogonal Projection embedding)。首先,在训练过程中将旧实体和旧关系的核心梯度空间(CGS)存储于历史快照;其次,在学习新三元组时,旧实体和旧关系的梯度更新方向被约束为与它们各自CGS的正交方向一致,从而在有效保留历史知识的同时高效地学习新知识;最后,更新旧实体和旧关系的CGS,从而为下一次的学习迭代作准备。实验结果显示,相较于对比方法中最优的IncDE (Incremental Distillation Embedding),GOPemb方法在数据集ICEWS05-15-CL、ICEWS18-CL和GDELT-CL上的MRR (Mean Reciprocal Rank)、H@3 (Top-3 Hit Rate)和H@10 (Top-10 Hit Rate)分别平均提升了9.2%、14.0%和8.0%。此外,学习效率的实验结果也验证了GOPemb方法的时间高效性,表明该方法具备高效的持续嵌入能力。
中图分类号:
王美华, 黄杰, 温雯, 蔡瑞初, 黄沛杰, 徐禹洪, 林新龙. 基于梯度正交投影的动态知识图谱持续嵌入方法[J]. 计算机应用, 2026, 46(6): 1776-1784.
Meihua WANG, Jie HUANG, Wen WEN, Ruichu CAI, Peijie HUANG, Yuhong XU, Xinlong LIN. Gradient orthogonal projection based continual embedding method for dynamic knowledge graph[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2026, 46(6): 1776-1784.
| 数学符号 | 具体含义 |
|---|---|
| 动态KG | |
| 动态KG中的第 | |
| 快照 | |
| 快照 | |
| 实体和关系的总集合 | |
| 对象 | |
| 存储所有对象的CGS | |
| 阈值 | |
| 训练的迭代次数 | |
| 模型的嵌入维度 |
表1 数学符号及其描述
Tab. 1 Mathematical symbols and their descriptions
| 数学符号 | 具体含义 |
|---|---|
| 动态KG | |
| 动态KG中的第 | |
| 快照 | |
| 快照 | |
| 实体和关系的总集合 | |
| 对象 | |
| 存储所有对象的CGS | |
| 阈值 | |
| 训练的迭代次数 | |
| 模型的嵌入维度 |
| 数据集 | 快照1 | 快照2 | 快照3 | 快照4 | 快照5 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICEWS05-15-CL | 13 500 | 2 192 | 177 | 11 800 | 3 202 | 195 | 11 800 | 3 960 | 205 | 11 800 | 4 626 | 220 | 11 800 | 5 160 | 228 |
| ICEWS18-CL | 17 000 | 4 030 | 174 | 17 000 | 6 246 | 204 | 17 000 | 7 860 | 215 | 17 000 | 9 398 | 220 | 17 000 | 10 543 | 224 |
| GDELT-CL | 40 000 | 2 250 | 184 | 40 000 | 2 928 | 196 | 40 000 | 3 326 | 208 | 40 000 | 3 677 | 211 | 40 000 | 3 945 | 214 |
表2 基准数据集的统计信息
Tab. 2 Statistical information of benchmark datasets
| 数据集 | 快照1 | 快照2 | 快照3 | 快照4 | 快照5 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICEWS05-15-CL | 13 500 | 2 192 | 177 | 11 800 | 3 202 | 195 | 11 800 | 3 960 | 205 | 11 800 | 4 626 | 220 | 11 800 | 5 160 | 228 |
| ICEWS18-CL | 17 000 | 4 030 | 174 | 17 000 | 6 246 | 204 | 17 000 | 7 860 | 215 | 17 000 | 9 398 | 220 | 17 000 | 10 543 | 224 |
| GDELT-CL | 40 000 | 2 250 | 184 | 40 000 | 2 928 | 196 | 40 000 | 3 326 | 208 | 40 000 | 3 677 | 211 | 40 000 | 3 945 | 214 |
| 软件/硬件环境名称 | 环境参数 |
|---|---|
| GPU | 4060 |
| CPU | Intel i9-13900HX |
| CUDA | 12.0 |
| 显存 | 8 GB |
| 编程语言 | Python 3.9 |
| 深度学习框架 | PyTorch 2.1.0 |
表3 实验环境配置
Tab. 3 Experimental environment configuration
| 软件/硬件环境名称 | 环境参数 |
|---|---|
| GPU | 4060 |
| CPU | Intel i9-13900HX |
| CUDA | 12.0 |
| 显存 | 8 GB |
| 编程语言 | Python 3.9 |
| 深度学习框架 | PyTorch 2.1.0 |
| 方法 | ICEWS05-15-CL | ICEWS18-CL | GDELT-CL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRR | H@3 | H@10 | MRR | H@3 | H@10 | MRR | H@3 | H@10 | |
| 重训练 | 0.099 | 12.920 | 29.543 | 0.079 | 09.571 | 23.704 | 0.051 | 5.649 | 14.650 |
| CWR | 0.072 | 8.500 | 21.267 | 0.054 | 05.585 | 15.462 | 0.037 | 3.539 | 9.501 |
| GEM | 0.085 | 10.193 | 25.030 | 0.064 | 06.281 | 18.587 | 0.039 | 3.692 | 10.074 |
| ER | 0.082 | 09.823 | 24.253 | 0.060 | 05.995 | 17.547 | 0.036 | 3.168 | 9.459 |
| SI | 0.080 | 09.767 | 23.543 | 0.061 | 06.075 | 17.474 | 0.040 | 3.912 | 10.457 |
| IncDE | 0.088 | 10.915 | 27.313 | 0.072 | 07.823 | 21.436 | 0.043 | 4.221 | 11.985 |
| LKGE | 0.086 | 10.692 | 27.160 | 0.069 | 07.787 | 20.023 | 0.045 | 4.468 | 12.291 |
| GOPemb | 0.096 | 12.488 | 29.149 | 0.077 | 08.593 | 23.153 | 0.048 | 4.969 | 13.102 |
表4 5个KG快照的平均链接预测结果
Tab. 4 Average link prediction results of five KG snapshots
| 方法 | ICEWS05-15-CL | ICEWS18-CL | GDELT-CL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRR | H@3 | H@10 | MRR | H@3 | H@10 | MRR | H@3 | H@10 | |
| 重训练 | 0.099 | 12.920 | 29.543 | 0.079 | 09.571 | 23.704 | 0.051 | 5.649 | 14.650 |
| CWR | 0.072 | 8.500 | 21.267 | 0.054 | 05.585 | 15.462 | 0.037 | 3.539 | 9.501 |
| GEM | 0.085 | 10.193 | 25.030 | 0.064 | 06.281 | 18.587 | 0.039 | 3.692 | 10.074 |
| ER | 0.082 | 09.823 | 24.253 | 0.060 | 05.995 | 17.547 | 0.036 | 3.168 | 9.459 |
| SI | 0.080 | 09.767 | 23.543 | 0.061 | 06.075 | 17.474 | 0.040 | 3.912 | 10.457 |
| IncDE | 0.088 | 10.915 | 27.313 | 0.072 | 07.823 | 21.436 | 0.043 | 4.221 | 11.985 |
| LKGE | 0.086 | 10.692 | 27.160 | 0.069 | 07.787 | 20.023 | 0.045 | 4.468 | 12.291 |
| GOPemb | 0.096 | 12.488 | 29.149 | 0.077 | 08.593 | 23.153 | 0.048 | 4.969 | 13.102 |
| 方法 | 不同数据集上的训练时间/s | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ICEWS05-15-CL | ICEWS18-CL | GDELT-CL | |
| 重训练 | 704 | 1 567 | 720 |
| CWR | 453 | 607 | 491 |
| GEM | 344 | 469 | 427 |
| ER | 634 | 1 163 | 540 |
| SI | 243 | 312 | 361 |
| IncDE | 415 | 478 | 536 |
| LKGE | 171 | 332 | 296 |
| GOPemb | 212 | 313 | 303 |
表5 不同方法在3个数据集上的所有快照的总训练时间
Tab. 5 Total training time for all snapshots of different methods on three datasets
| 方法 | 不同数据集上的训练时间/s | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ICEWS05-15-CL | ICEWS18-CL | GDELT-CL | |
| 重训练 | 704 | 1 567 | 720 |
| CWR | 453 | 607 | 491 |
| GEM | 344 | 469 | 427 |
| ER | 634 | 1 163 | 540 |
| SI | 243 | 312 | 361 |
| IncDE | 415 | 478 | 536 |
| LKGE | 171 | 332 | 296 |
| GOPemb | 212 | 313 | 303 |
| ICEWS05-15-CL | ICEWS18-CL | GDELT-CL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRR | BWT | FWT | MRR | BWT | FWT | MRR | BWT | FWT | |
| 0.70 | 0.096 | 0.011 | 0.085 | 0.077 | 0.007 | 0.070 | 0.048 | 0.004 | 0.044 |
| 0.80 | 0.094 | 0.009 | 0.085 | 0.075 | 0.006 | 0.069 | 0.048 | 0.004 | 0.044 |
| 0.90 | 0.091 | 0.007 | 0.084 | 0.075 | 0.006 | 0.069 | 0.047 | 0.004 | 0.043 |
| 0.95 | 0.089 | 0.006 | 0.083 | 0.073 | 0.005 | 0.068 | 0.046 | 0.005 | 0.041 |
表6 不同阈值ε下的MRR结果
Tab. 6 MRR results under different thresholds ε
| ICEWS05-15-CL | ICEWS18-CL | GDELT-CL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRR | BWT | FWT | MRR | BWT | FWT | MRR | BWT | FWT | |
| 0.70 | 0.096 | 0.011 | 0.085 | 0.077 | 0.007 | 0.070 | 0.048 | 0.004 | 0.044 |
| 0.80 | 0.094 | 0.009 | 0.085 | 0.075 | 0.006 | 0.069 | 0.048 | 0.004 | 0.044 |
| 0.90 | 0.091 | 0.007 | 0.084 | 0.075 | 0.006 | 0.069 | 0.047 | 0.004 | 0.043 |
| 0.95 | 0.089 | 0.006 | 0.083 | 0.073 | 0.005 | 0.068 | 0.046 | 0.005 | 0.041 |
| ICEWS05-15-CL | ICEWS18-CL | GDELT-CL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H@10 | BWT | FWT | H@10 | BWT | FWT | H@10 | BWT | FWT | |
| 0.70 | 29.149 | 3.453 | 25.696 | 23.153 | 2.023 | 21.130 | 13.102 | 1.364 | 11.738 |
| 0.80 | 28.374 | 2.757 | 25.617 | 22.808 | 1.667 | 21.141 | 13.001 | 1.523 | 11.648 |
| 0.90 | 27.086 | 2.059 | 25.062 | 22.223 | 1.506 | 20.717 | 12.617 | 1.067 | 11.550 |
| 0.95 | 26.669 | 1.823 | 24.846 | 22.152 | 1.509 | 20.643 | 12.628 | 1.141 | 11.541 |
表7 不同阈值ε下的H@10结果
Tab. 7 H@10 results under different thresholds ε
| ICEWS05-15-CL | ICEWS18-CL | GDELT-CL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H@10 | BWT | FWT | H@10 | BWT | FWT | H@10 | BWT | FWT | |
| 0.70 | 29.149 | 3.453 | 25.696 | 23.153 | 2.023 | 21.130 | 13.102 | 1.364 | 11.738 |
| 0.80 | 28.374 | 2.757 | 25.617 | 22.808 | 1.667 | 21.141 | 13.001 | 1.523 | 11.648 |
| 0.90 | 27.086 | 2.059 | 25.062 | 22.223 | 1.506 | 20.717 | 12.617 | 1.067 | 11.550 |
| 0.95 | 26.669 | 1.823 | 24.846 | 22.152 | 1.509 | 20.643 | 12.628 | 1.141 | 11.541 |
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