《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 292-300.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024010125
收稿日期:2024-02-05
									
				
											修回日期:2024-04-01
									
				
											接受日期:2024-04-07
									
				
											发布日期:2024-05-09
									
				
											出版日期:2025-01-10
									
				
			通讯作者:
					刘赏
							作者简介:周煜炜(1998—),女,天津人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向:图像处理、目标检测;基金资助:
        
                                                                                                                                            Shang LIU1( ), Yuwei ZHOU1, Rao DAI1, Linfang DONG1, Meng LIU2
), Yuwei ZHOU1, Rao DAI1, Linfang DONG1, Meng LIU2
			  
			
			
			
                
        
    
Received:2024-02-05
									
				
											Revised:2024-04-01
									
				
											Accepted:2024-04-07
									
				
											Online:2024-05-09
									
				
											Published:2025-01-10
									
			Contact:
					Shang LIU   
							About author:ZHOU Yuwei, born in 1998, M. S. candidate. Her research interests include image processing, object detection.Supported by:摘要:
对多尺度的遥感图像进行小目标检测时,基于深度学习的目标检测算法容易出现误检和漏检的情况。这是因为此类算法的特征提取模块进行了多次的下采样操作;而且未能根据不同类别、不同尺度的目标关注所需的上下文信息。为了解决该问题,提出一种融合注意力和上下文信息的遥感图像小目标检测算法ACM-YOLO(Attention-Context-Multiscale YOLO)。首先,应用细粒度的查询感知稀疏注意力以减少小目标特征信息的丢失,从而避免漏检;其次,设计局部上下文增强(LCE)函数以更好地关注不同类别的遥感目标所需的上下文信息,从而避免误检;最后,使用加权双向特征金字塔网络(BiFPN)强化特征融合模块对遥感图像小目标的多尺度特征融合能力,从而改善算法检测效果。在DOTA数据集和NWPU VHR-10数据集上进行对比实验和消融实验,以验证所提算法的有效性和泛化性。实验结果表明,在2个数据集上所提算法的平均精确率均值(mAP) 分别达到了77.33%和96.12%,而相较于YOLOv5算法,召回率分别提升了10.00和7.50个百分点。可见,所提算法能有效提升mAP和召回率,减少误检和漏检。
中图分类号:
刘赏, 周煜炜, 代娆, 董林芳, 刘猛. 融合注意力和上下文信息的遥感图像小目标检测算法[J]. 计算机应用, 2025, 45(1): 292-300.
Shang LIU, Yuwei ZHOU, Rao DAI, Linfang DONG, Meng LIU. Small target detection algorithm in remote sensing images integrating attention and contextual information[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(1): 292-300.
| LCE卷积核大小 | mAP/% | LCE卷积核大小 | mAP/% | 
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 94.43 | 33 | 95.24 | 
| 15 | 94.48 | 35 | 95.37 | 
| 20 | 95.05 | 40 | 95.14 | 
| 30 | 95.16 | 
表1 LCE不同卷积核大小的mAP结果
Tab. 1 mAP results of LCE with different kernel size
| LCE卷积核大小 | mAP/% | LCE卷积核大小 | mAP/% | 
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 94.43 | 33 | 95.24 | 
| 15 | 94.48 | 35 | 95.37 | 
| 20 | 95.05 | 40 | 95.14 | 
| 30 | 95.16 | 
| 算法 | AP | mAP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 船只 | 飞机 | 小型汽车 | 大型汽车 | ||
| RetinaNet[ | 62.2 | 83.4 | 65.7 | 48.3 | 64.90 | 
| YOLO-CLD[ | 57.6 | 67.6 | 37.9 | 60.1 | 55.80 | 
| FMSSD[ | 76.9 | 89.1 | 69.2 | 73.6 | 77.20 | 
| RRPN[ | 47.2 | 83.9 | 34.7 | 49.7 | 53.88 | 
| Dai[ | 65.0 | 78.0 | 37.0 | 59.0 | 59.75 | 
| CSL[ | 64.9 | 84.2 | 67.6 | 51.5 | 67.05 | 
| Xiao[ | 66.5 | 85.7 | 69.2 | 54.2 | 68.90 | 
| YOLOv6[ | 71.0 | 58.5 | 23.2 | 37.9 | 47.65 | 
| YOLOv8 | 70.4 | 60.9 | 30.0 | 45.2 | 51.63 | 
| YOLOv5 | 78.7 | 78.7 | 54.2 | 60.3 | 67.98 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 85.4 | 89.2 | 60.3 | 74.4 | 77.33 | 
表2 不同算法在DOTA数据集上的AP和mAP对比 ( %)
Tab. 2 Comparison of AP and mAP among different algorithms on DOTA dataset
| 算法 | AP | mAP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 船只 | 飞机 | 小型汽车 | 大型汽车 | ||
| RetinaNet[ | 62.2 | 83.4 | 65.7 | 48.3 | 64.90 | 
| YOLO-CLD[ | 57.6 | 67.6 | 37.9 | 60.1 | 55.80 | 
| FMSSD[ | 76.9 | 89.1 | 69.2 | 73.6 | 77.20 | 
| RRPN[ | 47.2 | 83.9 | 34.7 | 49.7 | 53.88 | 
| Dai[ | 65.0 | 78.0 | 37.0 | 59.0 | 59.75 | 
| CSL[ | 64.9 | 84.2 | 67.6 | 51.5 | 67.05 | 
| Xiao[ | 66.5 | 85.7 | 69.2 | 54.2 | 68.90 | 
| YOLOv6[ | 71.0 | 58.5 | 23.2 | 37.9 | 47.65 | 
| YOLOv8 | 70.4 | 60.9 | 30.0 | 45.2 | 51.63 | 
| YOLOv5 | 78.7 | 78.7 | 54.2 | 60.3 | 67.98 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 85.4 | 89.2 | 60.3 | 74.4 | 77.33 | 
| 算法 | 精确率 | 召回率 | mAP | 
|---|---|---|---|
| Faster-R CNN[ | 63.5 | 90.8 | 76.47 | 
| SSD[ | 92.3 | 78.2 | 74.12 | 
| Fan[ | — | — | 93.36 | 
| YOLOv3[ | 88.7 | 86.1 | 84.35 | 
| YOLOv4[ | 87.6 | 89.7 | 86.76 | 
| YOLOv6[ | 93.5 | 85.0 | 90.40 | 
| YOLOv8 | 93.9 | 84.8 | 90.90 | 
| YOLOv5 | 96.8 | 87.3 | 90.70 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 95.6 | 94.8 | 96.12 | 
表3 不同算法在NWPU VHR-10数据集上的性能对比 ( %)
Tab. 3 Performance comparison of different algorithms on NWPU VHR-10 dataset
| 算法 | 精确率 | 召回率 | mAP | 
|---|---|---|---|
| Faster-R CNN[ | 63.5 | 90.8 | 76.47 | 
| SSD[ | 92.3 | 78.2 | 74.12 | 
| Fan[ | — | — | 93.36 | 
| YOLOv3[ | 88.7 | 86.1 | 84.35 | 
| YOLOv4[ | 87.6 | 89.7 | 86.76 | 
| YOLOv6[ | 93.5 | 85.0 | 90.40 | 
| YOLOv8 | 93.9 | 84.8 | 90.90 | 
| YOLOv5 | 96.8 | 87.3 | 90.70 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 95.6 | 94.8 | 96.12 | 
| 算法 | AP | mAP | 小目标mAP | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 飞机 | 船舰 | 储油罐 | 棒球场 | 网球场 | 篮球场 | 田径场 | 港口 | 桥梁 | 车辆 | |||
| Faster-RCNN[ | 82.8 | 77.6 | 52.5 | 96.4 | 62.7 | 69.4 | 98.2 | 82.6 | 78.8 | 63.7 | 76.47 | 74.70 | 
| SSD[ | 90.3 | 72.5 | 60.3 | 87.5 | 58.9 | 65.2 | 90.3 | 80.5 | 77.9 | 57.8 | 74.12 | 73.53 | 
| Fan[ | 99.9 | 90.7 | 89.5 | 92.4 | 99.2 | 90.8 | 90.7 | 99.2 | 90.9 | 90.3 | 93.36 | 93.63 | 
| YOLOv3[ | 92.5 | 75.8 | 86.1 | 89.3 | 82.7 | 75.5 | 88.4 | 90.2 | 84.4 | 78.6 | 84.35 | 82.30 | 
| YOLOv4[ | 94.6 | 79.8 | 94.1 | 95.4 | 89.2 | 71.5 | 98.7 | 80.6 | 95.3 | 68.4 | 86.76 | 80.93 | 
| YOLOv6[ | 99.5 | 89.6 | 98.7 | 98.0 | 89.9 | 67.9 | 99.4 | 98.8 | 77.0 | 84.9 | 90.40 | 91.30 | 
| YOLOv8 | 99.4 | 89.2 | 99.0 | 98.4 | 89.8 | 68.2 | 99.4 | 97.5 | 80.1 | 87.7 | 90.90 | 92.10 | 
| YOLOv5 | 99.4 | 88.6 | 98.5 | 98.8 | 82.1 | 75.8 | 99.5 | 98.2 | 80.2 | 86.0 | 90.70 | 91.33 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 99.5 | 91.0 | 98.5 | 98.9 | 96.2 | 97.3 | 99.5 | 99.3 | 89.2 | 91.6 | 96.12 | 94.03 | 
表4 不同算法在NWPU VHR-10数据集不同类别的AP和mAP对比 ( %)
Tab. 4 Comparison of AP and mAP among different algorithms in different categories on NWPU VHR-10 dataset
| 算法 | AP | mAP | 小目标mAP | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 飞机 | 船舰 | 储油罐 | 棒球场 | 网球场 | 篮球场 | 田径场 | 港口 | 桥梁 | 车辆 | |||
| Faster-RCNN[ | 82.8 | 77.6 | 52.5 | 96.4 | 62.7 | 69.4 | 98.2 | 82.6 | 78.8 | 63.7 | 76.47 | 74.70 | 
| SSD[ | 90.3 | 72.5 | 60.3 | 87.5 | 58.9 | 65.2 | 90.3 | 80.5 | 77.9 | 57.8 | 74.12 | 73.53 | 
| Fan[ | 99.9 | 90.7 | 89.5 | 92.4 | 99.2 | 90.8 | 90.7 | 99.2 | 90.9 | 90.3 | 93.36 | 93.63 | 
| YOLOv3[ | 92.5 | 75.8 | 86.1 | 89.3 | 82.7 | 75.5 | 88.4 | 90.2 | 84.4 | 78.6 | 84.35 | 82.30 | 
| YOLOv4[ | 94.6 | 79.8 | 94.1 | 95.4 | 89.2 | 71.5 | 98.7 | 80.6 | 95.3 | 68.4 | 86.76 | 80.93 | 
| YOLOv6[ | 99.5 | 89.6 | 98.7 | 98.0 | 89.9 | 67.9 | 99.4 | 98.8 | 77.0 | 84.9 | 90.40 | 91.30 | 
| YOLOv8 | 99.4 | 89.2 | 99.0 | 98.4 | 89.8 | 68.2 | 99.4 | 97.5 | 80.1 | 87.7 | 90.90 | 92.10 | 
| YOLOv5 | 99.4 | 88.6 | 98.5 | 98.8 | 82.1 | 75.8 | 99.5 | 98.2 | 80.2 | 86.0 | 90.70 | 91.33 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 99.5 | 91.0 | 98.5 | 98.9 | 96.2 | 97.3 | 99.5 | 99.3 | 89.2 | 91.6 | 96.12 | 94.03 | 
| 算法 | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | 权重模型大小/MB | 参数量/106 | GPU浮点运算数/GFLOPs | mAP/% | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YOLOv5 | 77.8 | 64.5 | 14.5 | 7.05 | 15.9 | 67.98 | 
| YOLOv5_Attention&LCE | 81.1 | 72.7 | 15.2 | 7.38 | 275.3 | 76.69 | 
| YOLOv5_BiFPN | 80.7 | 74.3 | 14.7 | 7.11 | 16.1 | 77.00 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 80.9 | 74.5 | 15.2 | 7.38 | 275.3 | 77.33 | 
表5 在DOTA数据集上的消融实验结果
Tab. 5 Ablation experimental results on DOTA dataset
| 算法 | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | 权重模型大小/MB | 参数量/106 | GPU浮点运算数/GFLOPs | mAP/% | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YOLOv5 | 77.8 | 64.5 | 14.5 | 7.05 | 15.9 | 67.98 | 
| YOLOv5_Attention&LCE | 81.1 | 72.7 | 15.2 | 7.38 | 275.3 | 76.69 | 
| YOLOv5_BiFPN | 80.7 | 74.3 | 14.7 | 7.11 | 16.1 | 77.00 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 80.9 | 74.5 | 15.2 | 7.38 | 275.3 | 77.33 | 
| 算法 | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | 权重模型大小/MB | 参数量/106 | GPU浮点运算数/GFLOPs | mAP/% | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YOLOv5 | 96.8 | 87.3 | 14.5 | 7.04 | 15.8 | 90.70 | 
| YOLOv5_Attention&LCE | 95.5 | 93.7 | 15.0 | 7.30 | 275.1 | 95.56 | 
| YOLOv5_BiFPN | 96.8 | 92.3 | 14.6 | 7.10 | 16.0 | 94.47 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 95.6 | 94.8 | 15.2 | 7.37 | 275.3 | 96.12 | 
表6 在NWPU VHR-10数据集上的消融实验结果
Tab. 6 Ablation experimental results on NWPU VHR-10 dataset
| 算法 | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | 权重模型大小/MB | 参数量/106 | GPU浮点运算数/GFLOPs | mAP/% | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YOLOv5 | 96.8 | 87.3 | 14.5 | 7.04 | 15.8 | 90.70 | 
| YOLOv5_Attention&LCE | 95.5 | 93.7 | 15.0 | 7.30 | 275.1 | 95.56 | 
| YOLOv5_BiFPN | 96.8 | 92.3 | 14.6 | 7.10 | 16.0 | 94.47 | 
| ACM-YOLO | 95.6 | 94.8 | 15.2 | 7.37 | 275.3 | 96.12 | 
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