《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 1499-1506.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025050628
• 数据科学与技术 • 上一篇
宋芮芮, 王雷春(
), 何运平, 魏金香, 卢祥凤, 刘小萌
收稿日期:2025-06-06
修回日期:2025-10-21
接受日期:2025-11-04
发布日期:2025-11-12
出版日期:2026-05-10
通讯作者:
王雷春
作者简介:宋芮芮(1999—),女,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向:时间序列预测、深度学习基金资助:
Ruirui SONG, Leichun WANG(
), Yunping HE, Jinxiang WEI, Xiangfeng LU, Xiaomeng LIU
Received:2025-06-06
Revised:2025-10-21
Accepted:2025-11-04
Online:2025-11-12
Published:2026-05-10
Contact:
Leichun WANG
About author:SONG Ruirui, born in 1999, M. S. candidate. Her research interests include time series prediction, deep learning.Supported by:摘要:
针对长时间序列预测中存在的误差积累、建模困难和计算效率低的问题,提出一种基于混合自注意力和差异归一化的长时间序列预测模型HSADN(Hybrid Self-Attention and Differentiated Normalization)。首先,模型使用堆叠多头自注意力机制捕捉编码器中时间序列的长距离依赖,降低计算复杂度,并使用多层稀疏自注意力机制动态调整解码器中的生成策略;其次,在编码器中通过批量通道归一化(BCN)对特征进行提取、融合和重构,在解码器中通过层归一化(LN)缓解梯度消失和提升训练稳定性,输出预测序列值。实验结果表明,与CALF(Cross-modAl Large Language Model Fine-tuning)模型相比,HSADN的单变量预测的均方误差(MSE)与平均绝对误差(MAE)在ECL-960上分别降低6.2%和6.9%,在ETTh-720上分别降低13.1%和2.9%;多变量预测的MSE和MAE在ETTm-672上分别降低3.5%和2.6%,在Weather-720上分别降低1.8%和0.9%;在单变量和多变量预测时的运行时间分别平均降低4.6%和28.7%。
中图分类号:
宋芮芮, 王雷春, 何运平, 魏金香, 卢祥凤, 刘小萌. 基于混合自注意力和差异归一化的长时间序列预测[J]. 计算机应用, 2026, 46(5): 1499-1506.
Ruirui SONG, Leichun WANG, Yunping HE, Jinxiang WEI, Xiangfeng LU, Xiaomeng LIU. Long time series prediction based on hybrid self-attention and differentiated normalization[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2026, 46(5): 1499-1506.
| 数据集 | 预测步长 | HSADN | CALF | CycleNet | Informer | LogTrans | Reformer | LSTMa | DeepAR | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | ||
| ETTh | 168 | 0.158 | 0.325 | 0.161 | 0.329 | 0.173 | 0.335 | 0.183 | 0.346 | 0.207 | 0.375 | 1.522 | 1.191 | 0.236 | 0.392 | 0.239 | 0.422 |
| 336 | 0.169 | 0.339 | 0.175 | 0.357 | 0.217 | 0.361 | 0.222 | 0.387 | 0.230 | 0.398 | 1.860 | 1.124 | 0.590 | 0.698 | 0.445 | 0.552 | |
| 720 | 0.192 | 0.363 | 0.221 | 0.374 | 0.245 | 0.385 | 0.269 | 0.435 | 0.273 | 0.463 | 2.112 | 1.436 | 0.683 | 0.768 | 0.658 | 0.707 | |
| ETTm | 96 | 0.106 | 0.266 | 0.145 | 0.278 | 0.141 | 0.269 | 0.194 | 0.372 | 0.199 | 0.386 | 0.920 | 0.767 | 0.287 | 0.420 | 0.364 | 0.496 |
| 288 | 0.278 | 0.440 | 0.324 | 0.459 | 0.364 | 0.467 | 0.401 | 0.554 | 0.411 | 0.572 | 1.108 | 1.245 | 0.524 | 0.584 | 0.948 | 0.795 | |
| 672 | 0.345 | 0.502 | 0.371 | 0.504 | 0.425 | 0.511 | 0.512 | 0.644 | 0.598 | 0.702 | 1.793 | 1.528 | 1.064 | 0.873 | 2.437 | 1.352 | |
| Weather | 168 | 0.206 | 0.330 | 0.220 | 0.334 | 0.232 | 0.342 | 0.266 | 0.398 | 0.309 | 0.439 | 0.654 | 0.634 | 0.341 | 0.448 | 0.293 | 0.451 |
| 336 | 0.214 | 0.338 | 0.236 | 0.343 | 0.278 | 0.351 | 0.297 | 0.416 | 0.359 | 0.484 | 1.792 | 1.093 | 0.456 | 0.554 | 0.585 | 0.644 | |
| 720 | 0.245 | 0.369 | 0.267 | 0.375 | 0.323 | 0.382 | 0.359 | 0.466 | 0.388 | 0.499 | 2.087 | 1.534 | 0.866 | 0.809 | 0.499 | 0.596 | |
| ECL | 168 | 0.376 | 0.480 | 0.369 | 0.455 | 0.419 | 0.468 | 0.447 | 0.503 | 0.454 | 0.529 | 1.671 | 1.587 | 0.723 | 0.655 | 0.315 | 0.436 |
| 336 | 0.388 | 0.486 | 0.396 | 0.487 | 0.474 | 0.497 | 0.501 | 0.536 | 0.514 | 0.563 | 3.528 | 2.196 | 1.212 | 0.898 | 0.414 | 0.519 | |
| 720 | 0.449 | 0.539 | 0.463 | 0.542 | 0.506 | 0.547 | 0.552 | 0.577 | 0.558 | 0.609 | 4.891 | 4.047 | 1.511 | 0.966 | 0.563 | 0.595 | |
| 960 | 0.481 | 0.502 | 0.513 | 0.539 | 0.544 | 0.566 | 0.582 | 0.608 | 0.624 | 0.645 | 7.019 | 5.105 | 1.545 | 1.006 | 0.657 | 0.683 | |
| Count | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |||||||||
表1 4个数据集上的单变量长时间序列预测结果
Tab. 1 Prediction results of univariate long time series on four datasets
| 数据集 | 预测步长 | HSADN | CALF | CycleNet | Informer | LogTrans | Reformer | LSTMa | DeepAR | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | ||
| ETTh | 168 | 0.158 | 0.325 | 0.161 | 0.329 | 0.173 | 0.335 | 0.183 | 0.346 | 0.207 | 0.375 | 1.522 | 1.191 | 0.236 | 0.392 | 0.239 | 0.422 |
| 336 | 0.169 | 0.339 | 0.175 | 0.357 | 0.217 | 0.361 | 0.222 | 0.387 | 0.230 | 0.398 | 1.860 | 1.124 | 0.590 | 0.698 | 0.445 | 0.552 | |
| 720 | 0.192 | 0.363 | 0.221 | 0.374 | 0.245 | 0.385 | 0.269 | 0.435 | 0.273 | 0.463 | 2.112 | 1.436 | 0.683 | 0.768 | 0.658 | 0.707 | |
| ETTm | 96 | 0.106 | 0.266 | 0.145 | 0.278 | 0.141 | 0.269 | 0.194 | 0.372 | 0.199 | 0.386 | 0.920 | 0.767 | 0.287 | 0.420 | 0.364 | 0.496 |
| 288 | 0.278 | 0.440 | 0.324 | 0.459 | 0.364 | 0.467 | 0.401 | 0.554 | 0.411 | 0.572 | 1.108 | 1.245 | 0.524 | 0.584 | 0.948 | 0.795 | |
| 672 | 0.345 | 0.502 | 0.371 | 0.504 | 0.425 | 0.511 | 0.512 | 0.644 | 0.598 | 0.702 | 1.793 | 1.528 | 1.064 | 0.873 | 2.437 | 1.352 | |
| Weather | 168 | 0.206 | 0.330 | 0.220 | 0.334 | 0.232 | 0.342 | 0.266 | 0.398 | 0.309 | 0.439 | 0.654 | 0.634 | 0.341 | 0.448 | 0.293 | 0.451 |
| 336 | 0.214 | 0.338 | 0.236 | 0.343 | 0.278 | 0.351 | 0.297 | 0.416 | 0.359 | 0.484 | 1.792 | 1.093 | 0.456 | 0.554 | 0.585 | 0.644 | |
| 720 | 0.245 | 0.369 | 0.267 | 0.375 | 0.323 | 0.382 | 0.359 | 0.466 | 0.388 | 0.499 | 2.087 | 1.534 | 0.866 | 0.809 | 0.499 | 0.596 | |
| ECL | 168 | 0.376 | 0.480 | 0.369 | 0.455 | 0.419 | 0.468 | 0.447 | 0.503 | 0.454 | 0.529 | 1.671 | 1.587 | 0.723 | 0.655 | 0.315 | 0.436 |
| 336 | 0.388 | 0.486 | 0.396 | 0.487 | 0.474 | 0.497 | 0.501 | 0.536 | 0.514 | 0.563 | 3.528 | 2.196 | 1.212 | 0.898 | 0.414 | 0.519 | |
| 720 | 0.449 | 0.539 | 0.463 | 0.542 | 0.506 | 0.547 | 0.552 | 0.577 | 0.558 | 0.609 | 4.891 | 4.047 | 1.511 | 0.966 | 0.563 | 0.595 | |
| 960 | 0.481 | 0.502 | 0.513 | 0.539 | 0.544 | 0.566 | 0.582 | 0.608 | 0.624 | 0.645 | 7.019 | 5.105 | 1.545 | 1.006 | 0.657 | 0.683 | |
| Count | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |||||||||
| 数据集 | 预测步长 | HSADN | CALF | CycleNet | Informer | LogTrans | Reformer | LSTMa | LSTNet | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | ||
| ETTh | 168 | 0.816 | 0.695 | 0.854 | 0.713 | 0.875 | 0.726 | 0.931 | 0.752 | 1.002 | 0.846 | 1.824 | 1.138 | 1.212 | 0.867 | 1.997 | 1.214 |
| 336 | 0.987 | 0.778 | 1.059 | 0.791 | 1.107 | 0.809 | 1.128 | 0.873 | 1.362 | 0.952 | 2.117 | 1.280 | 1.424 | 0.994 | 2.655 | 1.369 | |
| 720 | 1.133 | 0.840 | 1.166 | 0.863 | 1.195 | 0.874 | 1.215 | 0.896 | 1.397 | 1.291 | 2.415 | 1.520 | 1.960 | 1.322 | 2.143 | 1.380 | |
| ETTm | 96 | 0.537 | 0.524 | 0.552 | 0.551 | 0.548 | 0.556 | 0.678 | 0.614 | 0.768 | 0.792 | 1.433 | 0.945 | 1.339 | 0.913 | 2.762 | 1.542 |
| 288 | 0.702 | 0.624 | 0.733 | 0.636 | 0.795 | 0.669 | 1.056 | 0.786 | 1.462 | 1.320 | 1.820 | 1.094 | 1.740 | 1.124 | 1.257 | 2.076 | |
| 672 | 0.806 | 0.683 | 0.835 | 0.701 | 0.865 | 0.713 | 1.192 | 0.926 | 1.669 | 1.461 | 2.187 | 1.232 | 2.736 | 1.555 | 1.917 | 2.941 | |
| Weather | 168 | 0.561 | 0.545 | 0.544 | 0.528 | 0.595 | 0.587 | 0.608 | 0.567 | 0.727 | 0.671 | 1.318 | 0.855 | 1.038 | 0.835 | 0.748 | 0.647 |
| 336 | 0.585 | 0.563 | 0.592 | 0.574 | 0.616 | 0.603 | 0.702 | 0.620 | 0.754 | 0.670 | 1.930 | 1.167 | 1.657 | 1.059 | 0.782 | 0.683 | |
| 720 | 0.593 | 0.568 | 0.604 | 0.573 | 0.625 | 0.611 | 0.831 | 0.731 | 0.885 | 0.773 | 2.726 | 1.575 | 1.536 | 1.109 | 0.851 | 0.757 | |
| ECL | 168 | 0.319 | 0.405 | 0.303 | 0.385 | 0.332 | 0.408 | 0.374 | 0.427 | 0.368 | 0.432 | 1.515 | 1.069 | 0.574 | 0.602 | 0.394 | 0.476 |
| 336 | 0.341 | 0.406 | 0.346 | 0.412 | 0.360 | 0.420 | 0.381 | 0.431 | 0.373 | 0.439 | 1.601 | 1.104 | 0.886 | 0.795 | 0.419 | 0.477 | |
| 720 | 0.361 | 0.427 | 0.385 | 0.434 | 0.402 | 0.447 | 0.426 | 0.454 | 0.409 | 0.454 | 2.009 | 1.170 | 1.676 | 1.095 | 0.556 | 0.565 | |
| 960 | 0.425 | 0.470 | 0.436 | 0.489 | 0.441 | 0.498 | 0.460 | 0.548 | 0.477 | 0.589 | 2.141 | 1.387 | 1.591 | 1.128 | 0.605 | 0.599 | |
| Count | 22 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
表2 4个数据集上的多变量长时间序列预测结果
Tab. 2 Prediction results of multivariate long time series on four datasets
| 数据集 | 预测步长 | HSADN | CALF | CycleNet | Informer | LogTrans | Reformer | LSTMa | LSTNet | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | MSE | MAE | ||
| ETTh | 168 | 0.816 | 0.695 | 0.854 | 0.713 | 0.875 | 0.726 | 0.931 | 0.752 | 1.002 | 0.846 | 1.824 | 1.138 | 1.212 | 0.867 | 1.997 | 1.214 |
| 336 | 0.987 | 0.778 | 1.059 | 0.791 | 1.107 | 0.809 | 1.128 | 0.873 | 1.362 | 0.952 | 2.117 | 1.280 | 1.424 | 0.994 | 2.655 | 1.369 | |
| 720 | 1.133 | 0.840 | 1.166 | 0.863 | 1.195 | 0.874 | 1.215 | 0.896 | 1.397 | 1.291 | 2.415 | 1.520 | 1.960 | 1.322 | 2.143 | 1.380 | |
| ETTm | 96 | 0.537 | 0.524 | 0.552 | 0.551 | 0.548 | 0.556 | 0.678 | 0.614 | 0.768 | 0.792 | 1.433 | 0.945 | 1.339 | 0.913 | 2.762 | 1.542 |
| 288 | 0.702 | 0.624 | 0.733 | 0.636 | 0.795 | 0.669 | 1.056 | 0.786 | 1.462 | 1.320 | 1.820 | 1.094 | 1.740 | 1.124 | 1.257 | 2.076 | |
| 672 | 0.806 | 0.683 | 0.835 | 0.701 | 0.865 | 0.713 | 1.192 | 0.926 | 1.669 | 1.461 | 2.187 | 1.232 | 2.736 | 1.555 | 1.917 | 2.941 | |
| Weather | 168 | 0.561 | 0.545 | 0.544 | 0.528 | 0.595 | 0.587 | 0.608 | 0.567 | 0.727 | 0.671 | 1.318 | 0.855 | 1.038 | 0.835 | 0.748 | 0.647 |
| 336 | 0.585 | 0.563 | 0.592 | 0.574 | 0.616 | 0.603 | 0.702 | 0.620 | 0.754 | 0.670 | 1.930 | 1.167 | 1.657 | 1.059 | 0.782 | 0.683 | |
| 720 | 0.593 | 0.568 | 0.604 | 0.573 | 0.625 | 0.611 | 0.831 | 0.731 | 0.885 | 0.773 | 2.726 | 1.575 | 1.536 | 1.109 | 0.851 | 0.757 | |
| ECL | 168 | 0.319 | 0.405 | 0.303 | 0.385 | 0.332 | 0.408 | 0.374 | 0.427 | 0.368 | 0.432 | 1.515 | 1.069 | 0.574 | 0.602 | 0.394 | 0.476 |
| 336 | 0.341 | 0.406 | 0.346 | 0.412 | 0.360 | 0.420 | 0.381 | 0.431 | 0.373 | 0.439 | 1.601 | 1.104 | 0.886 | 0.795 | 0.419 | 0.477 | |
| 720 | 0.361 | 0.427 | 0.385 | 0.434 | 0.402 | 0.447 | 0.426 | 0.454 | 0.409 | 0.454 | 2.009 | 1.170 | 1.676 | 1.095 | 0.556 | 0.565 | |
| 960 | 0.425 | 0.470 | 0.436 | 0.489 | 0.441 | 0.498 | 0.460 | 0.548 | 0.477 | 0.589 | 2.141 | 1.387 | 1.591 | 1.128 | 0.605 | 0.599 | |
| Count | 22 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| 模型 | 评价指标 | 预测步长 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 168 | 336 | 720 | ||
| HSADN-NA | MSE | 0.165 | 0.181 | 0.221 |
| MAE | 0.327 | 0.340 | 0.384 | |
| HSADN-NN | MSE | 0.162 | 0.181 | 0.212 |
| MAE | 0.326 | 0.350 | 0.378 | |
| HSADN-NAN | MSE | 0.183 | 0.222 | 0.269 |
| MAE | 0.346 | 0.387 | 0.435 | |
| HSADN | MSE | 0.158 | 0.169 | 0.192 |
| MAE | 0.325 | 0.339 | 0.363 | |
表3 在ETTh数据集上的消融实验结果
Tab. 3 Ablation experimental results on ETTh dataset
| 模型 | 评价指标 | 预测步长 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 168 | 336 | 720 | ||
| HSADN-NA | MSE | 0.165 | 0.181 | 0.221 |
| MAE | 0.327 | 0.340 | 0.384 | |
| HSADN-NN | MSE | 0.162 | 0.181 | 0.212 |
| MAE | 0.326 | 0.350 | 0.378 | |
| HSADN-NAN | MSE | 0.183 | 0.222 | 0.269 |
| MAE | 0.346 | 0.387 | 0.435 | |
| HSADN | MSE | 0.158 | 0.169 | 0.192 |
| MAE | 0.325 | 0.339 | 0.363 | |
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