《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (7): 2318-2326.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025070874
收稿日期:2025-08-04
修回日期:2025-09-11
接受日期:2025-09-11
发布日期:2025-11-05
出版日期:2026-07-10
通讯作者:
方巍
作者简介:凌妙根(1987—),男,浙江乐清人,副教授,博士,CCF会员,主要研究方向:计算机视觉、深度学习基金资助:
Miaogen LING1,2, Rui JING1,3, Wei FANG1,3,4,5(
)
Received:2025-08-04
Revised:2025-09-11
Accepted:2025-09-11
Online:2025-11-05
Published:2026-07-10
Contact:
Wei FANG
About author:LING Miaogen, born in 1987, Ph. D., associate professor. His research interests include computer vision, deep learning.Supported by:摘要:
深度学习为热带气旋预报研究提供了新途径,但其黑盒特性影响了它在关键领域的应用。因此,对可解释性深度学习在热带气旋预报中的应用研究进行综述。首先,系统梳理深度学习在热带气旋预报中的最新研究进展;其次,回顾传统预报方法的优势与局限;然后,聚焦卷积神经网络(CNN)、循环神经网络(RNN)、长短期记忆(LSTM)网络和Transformer等模型在不同预报任务中的应用,并探讨生成对抗网络(GAN)等方法的前沿探索。在此基础上,深入分析可解释性深度学习在热带气旋预报中的重要性,从特征重要性解释、时空模式解释以及不确定量化这3个维度探讨可解释性深度学习在热带气旋预报中的具体应用,并指出它在提升模型透明度和用户信任度方面的潜力。最后,针对当前可解释性研究中面临的挑战,提出未来融合物理机制、多粒度可视化及因果推理的研究展望。
中图分类号:
凌妙根, 井瑞, 方巍. 可解释性深度学习在热带气旋预报中的应用研究综述[J]. 计算机应用, 2026, 46(7): 2318-2326.
Miaogen LING, Rui JING, Wei FANG. Survey of research on applications of explainable deep learning in tropical cyclone forecasting[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2026, 46(7): 2318-2326.
| 等级名称 | 简称 | 风速阈值/(m·s-1) | 风力等级 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 热带低压 | TD | 10.8~17.1 | 6~7级 |
| 热带风暴 | TS | 17.2~24.4 | 8~9级 |
| 强热带风暴 | STS | 24.5~32.6 | 10~11级 |
| 台风 | TY | 32.7~41.4 | 12~13级 |
| 强台风 | STY | 41.5~50.9 | 14~15级 |
| 超强台风 | SuperTY | ≥51.0 | ≥16级 |
表1 热带气旋等级划分[3]
Tab. 1 Classification of tropical cyclone levels[3]
| 等级名称 | 简称 | 风速阈值/(m·s-1) | 风力等级 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 热带低压 | TD | 10.8~17.1 | 6~7级 |
| 热带风暴 | TS | 17.2~24.4 | 8~9级 |
| 强热带风暴 | STS | 24.5~32.6 | 10~11级 |
| 台风 | TY | 32.7~41.4 | 12~13级 |
| 强台风 | STY | 41.5~50.9 | 14~15级 |
| 超强台风 | SuperTY | ≥51.0 | ≥16级 |
| 分类 | 预报场景 |
|---|---|
| 热带气旋生成预报 | 热带气旋短期生成预报 |
| 热带气旋长期趋势预报 | |
| 热带气旋扰动生成预报 | |
| 热带气旋路径预报 | 基于时间序列数据的热带气旋路径预报 |
| 基于遥感卫星云图的热带气旋路径预报 | |
| 基于多模态数据融合的热带气旋路径预报 | |
| 热带气旋强度预报 | 热带气旋强度预报 |
| 热带气旋快速增强预报 | |
| 热带气旋快速减弱预报 | |
| TC引起的灾害性天气及其影响预报 | 热带气旋引起的降水量预报 |
| 热带气旋引起的风速预报 | |
| 热带气旋引起的海洋灾害预报 | |
| 灾害影响评估 |
表2 深度学习在热带气旋预报中的应用
Tab. 2 Applications of deep learning in tropical cyclone forecasting
| 分类 | 预报场景 |
|---|---|
| 热带气旋生成预报 | 热带气旋短期生成预报 |
| 热带气旋长期趋势预报 | |
| 热带气旋扰动生成预报 | |
| 热带气旋路径预报 | 基于时间序列数据的热带气旋路径预报 |
| 基于遥感卫星云图的热带气旋路径预报 | |
| 基于多模态数据融合的热带气旋路径预报 | |
| 热带气旋强度预报 | 热带气旋强度预报 |
| 热带气旋快速增强预报 | |
| 热带气旋快速减弱预报 | |
| TC引起的灾害性天气及其影响预报 | 热带气旋引起的降水量预报 |
| 热带气旋引起的风速预报 | |
| 热带气旋引起的海洋灾害预报 | |
| 灾害影响评估 |
| 文献 | 研究焦点 | 差异化贡献 |
|---|---|---|
| 文献[ | 热带气旋路径预报 | 聚焦于传统方法在热带气旋路径预报的应用 |
| 文献[ | 机器学习在热带气旋预报中的应用 | 系统回顾了机器学习在热带气旋预测中的研究进展 |
| 文献[ | 热带气旋强度估计 | 最全面的方法分类与数据源总结 |
| 文献[ | 台风预报技术发展路线 | 系统性回顾中国台风预报技术从传统方法到现代数值预报和AI技术的完整发展历程 |
表3 热带气旋预报研究综述对比
Tab. 3 Review and comparison of tropical cyclone forecasting research review
| 文献 | 研究焦点 | 差异化贡献 |
|---|---|---|
| 文献[ | 热带气旋路径预报 | 聚焦于传统方法在热带气旋路径预报的应用 |
| 文献[ | 机器学习在热带气旋预报中的应用 | 系统回顾了机器学习在热带气旋预测中的研究进展 |
| 文献[ | 热带气旋强度估计 | 最全面的方法分类与数据源总结 |
| 文献[ | 台风预报技术发展路线 | 系统性回顾中国台风预报技术从传统方法到现代数值预报和AI技术的完整发展历程 |
| 分类 | 优势 | 不足 |
|---|---|---|
| 数值预报方法 | 预报范围较广,预报时效长 | 计算资源开销大,难以同化异构数据 |
| 统计学方法 | 计算成本低、计算资源需求小、适用范围广 | 非线性拟合欠佳,极端情况处理不力 |
| 统计动力学方法 | 有效订正动力模式偏差,实现多源数据融合 | 主观性强、效率低、精度依赖预报员水平 |
表4 传统热带气旋预报方法的对比分析
Tab. 4 Comparison and analysis of traditional tropical cyclone forecasting methods
| 分类 | 优势 | 不足 |
|---|---|---|
| 数值预报方法 | 预报范围较广,预报时效长 | 计算资源开销大,难以同化异构数据 |
| 统计学方法 | 计算成本低、计算资源需求小、适用范围广 | 非线性拟合欠佳,极端情况处理不力 |
| 统计动力学方法 | 有效订正动力模式偏差,实现多源数据融合 | 主观性强、效率低、精度依赖预报员水平 |
| 文献 | 分类维度 | 具体类别 | 典型方法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 文献[ | 基于可解释对象 | 模型内部机制 | 激活最大化 |
| 预测结果特征 | LIME[ | ||
| 模仿者行为 | 知识蒸馏 | ||
| 文献[ | 基于可解释原理 | 模型内部可视化 | Grad-CAM[ |
| 特征统计分析 | SHAP[ | ||
| 本质可解释模型 | 决策树 | ||
| 文献[ | 基于方法类型 | 自解释模型 | 线性回归 |
| 特定模型解释 | CAM[ | ||
| 不可知模型解释 | LIME[ | ||
| 因果解释 | 反事实推理 |
表5 方法分类及特点分析
Tab. 5 Method classification and characteristic analysis
| 文献 | 分类维度 | 具体类别 | 典型方法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 文献[ | 基于可解释对象 | 模型内部机制 | 激活最大化 |
| 预测结果特征 | LIME[ | ||
| 模仿者行为 | 知识蒸馏 | ||
| 文献[ | 基于可解释原理 | 模型内部可视化 | Grad-CAM[ |
| 特征统计分析 | SHAP[ | ||
| 本质可解释模型 | 决策树 | ||
| 文献[ | 基于方法类型 | 自解释模型 | 线性回归 |
| 特定模型解释 | CAM[ | ||
| 不可知模型解释 | LIME[ | ||
| 因果解释 | 反事实推理 |
| 方法类型 | 代表技术 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 贝叶斯神经网络 | BNN (Bayesian Neural Network)、高斯过程 | 完整概率分布、理论严谨 | 计算复杂,需先验 |
| 集成学习 | 多模型集合 | 简单有效 | 无法区分不确定性的来源 |
| 蒙特卡洛方法 | Bootstrap Sampling、Monte Carlo Dropout、MCMC采样 | 易于实现、可与现有模型直接结合、适用范围广 | 收敛速度慢、需要大量采样以保证精度 |
| 共形预测 | CQR (Conformalized Quantile Regression)、Jackknife+ | 严格覆盖保证、模型无关 | 需校准集、区间可能较宽 |
表6 不确定性量化方法的分类及特点分析
Tab. 6 Classification and characteristic analysis of uncertainty quantification methods
| 方法类型 | 代表技术 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 贝叶斯神经网络 | BNN (Bayesian Neural Network)、高斯过程 | 完整概率分布、理论严谨 | 计算复杂,需先验 |
| 集成学习 | 多模型集合 | 简单有效 | 无法区分不确定性的来源 |
| 蒙特卡洛方法 | Bootstrap Sampling、Monte Carlo Dropout、MCMC采样 | 易于实现、可与现有模型直接结合、适用范围广 | 收敛速度慢、需要大量采样以保证精度 |
| 共形预测 | CQR (Conformalized Quantile Regression)、Jackknife+ | 严格覆盖保证、模型无关 | 需校准集、区间可能较宽 |
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