《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (9): 2977-2986.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025081034
• 多媒体计算与计算机仿真 • 上一篇
收稿日期:2025-09-08
修回日期:2025-10-20
接受日期:2025-10-23
发布日期:2025-11-07
出版日期:2026-09-10
通讯作者:
王嘉宏
作者简介:欧宇枫(2000—),男,福建福州人,硕士研究生,CCF会员,主要研究方向:人工智能、仿真优化基金资助:
Yufeng OU1, Chia-Hung WANG1,2(
)
Received:2025-09-08
Revised:2025-10-20
Accepted:2025-10-23
Online:2025-11-07
Published:2026-09-10
Contact:
Chia-Hung WANG
About author:OU Yufeng, born in 2000, M. S. candidate. His research interests include artificial intelligence, simulation optimization.Supported by:摘要:
针对印刷电路板(PCB)表面小目标缺陷检测中存在的低对比度、形态不规则及易受背景干扰等难题,提出一种双分支特征检测模型DES-Det(Dual branch feature Extraction-Spatial attention Detection)。首先,通过双分支结构协同提取全局上下文与局部细节特征,增强对低像素缺陷的判别能力;其次,引入可变形注意力机制实现自适应特征聚焦,提升对模糊边缘与不规则缺陷的定位精度;并设计基于空间注意力与深度可分离卷积的检测头,在保障检测性能的同时显著降低模型复杂度。在2个公开的PCB缺陷数据集上的实验结果表明,DES-Det的精确率分别达到93.6%与98.4%,相较于基线模型YOLOv8分别提升了5.7与1.4个百分点,参数量下降了26.7%。跨场景泛化实验的结果进一步验证了该方法在复杂工业环境中的有效性与鲁棒性。
中图分类号:
欧宇枫, 王嘉宏. 基于双分支特征提取的印刷电路板小目标缺陷检测方法[J]. 计算机应用, 2026, 46(9): 2977-2986.
Yufeng OU, Chia-Hung WANG. Small-object defect detection method for printed circuit boards based on dual-branch feature extraction[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2026, 46(9): 2977-2986.
| 参数名称 | 参数设置 |
|---|---|
| 图片尺寸(Image Size) | 640×640 |
| 学习率(Learning Rate) | 1E-2 |
| 学习率衰减策略 | 随机梯度下降法 |
| 训练轮次(Train Epoch) | 200 |
| 优化器(Optimizer) | SGD |
| 权重衰减(Weight Delay) | 5E-4 |
| 批大小(Batch Size) | 16 |
| 数据加载的子进程数(Workers) | 8 |
| DBdown分支通道占比 | 50%∶50% |
| Deformable Attention的采集点个数 | 4 |
| Deformable Attention的注意力头数 | 8 |
表1 实验参数设置
Tab. 1 Experimental parameter setting
| 参数名称 | 参数设置 |
|---|---|
| 图片尺寸(Image Size) | 640×640 |
| 学习率(Learning Rate) | 1E-2 |
| 学习率衰减策略 | 随机梯度下降法 |
| 训练轮次(Train Epoch) | 200 |
| 优化器(Optimizer) | SGD |
| 权重衰减(Weight Delay) | 5E-4 |
| 批大小(Batch Size) | 16 |
| 数据加载的子进程数(Workers) | 8 |
| DBdown分支通道占比 | 50%∶50% |
| Deformable Attention的采集点个数 | 4 |
| Deformable Attention的注意力头数 | 8 |
| 损失函数 | P | F1 | mAP@0.5 |
|---|---|---|---|
| CIoU | 89.6 | 68.8 | 66.7 |
| EIoU | 91.3 | 72.1 | 71.8 |
| SIoU | 90.4 | 72.4 | 72.3 |
| NWD | 91.7 | 72.5 | 72.3 |
| WIoUv1 | 89.4 | 70.5 | 68.5 |
| WIoUv2 | 93.6 | 73.5 | 72.5 |
| WIoUv3 | 89.9 | 73.1 | 74.1 |
表2 损失函数的对比 (%)
Tab. 2 Comparison of loss functions
| 损失函数 | P | F1 | mAP@0.5 |
|---|---|---|---|
| CIoU | 89.6 | 68.8 | 66.7 |
| EIoU | 91.3 | 72.1 | 71.8 |
| SIoU | 90.4 | 72.4 | 72.3 |
| NWD | 91.7 | 72.5 | 72.3 |
| WIoUv1 | 89.4 | 70.5 | 68.5 |
| WIoUv2 | 93.6 | 73.5 | 72.5 |
| WIoUv3 | 89.9 | 73.1 | 74.1 |
| 模型 | P/% | F1/% | mAP@0.5/% | 参数量/106 | 浮点运算量/GFLOPs | 帧率/(frame·s-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YOLOv8(baseline) | 87.9 | 69.2 | 68.0 | 3.0 | 8.1 | 456.8 |
| YOLOv8+DBdown | 91.2 | 72.6 | 72.3 | 2.7 | 7.7 | 449.9 |
| YOLOv8+SDDH | 88.9 | 71.2 | 70.0 | 2.6 | 5.6 | 423.9 |
| YOLOv8+C2f_DAT | 92.2 | 72.9 | 71.7 | 3.1 | 8.1 | 439.4 |
| YOLOv8+ DBdown +C2f_DAT | 92.1 | 71.6 | 72.2 | 2.7 | 7.6 | 439.3 |
| YOLOv8+ DBdown + SDDH | 91.7 | 70.6 | 70.2 | 2.1 | 5.5 | 426.1 |
| YOLOv8+C2f_DAT+ SDDH | 90.2 | 72.3 | 71.3 | 2.4 | 5.7 | 434.9 |
| YOLOv8+ DBdown +C2f_DAT+ SDDH | 93.6 | 73.5 | 72.5 | 2.2 | 5.3 | 435.7 |
表3 消融实验结果
Tab. 3 Ablation experiment results
| 模型 | P/% | F1/% | mAP@0.5/% | 参数量/106 | 浮点运算量/GFLOPs | 帧率/(frame·s-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YOLOv8(baseline) | 87.9 | 69.2 | 68.0 | 3.0 | 8.1 | 456.8 |
| YOLOv8+DBdown | 91.2 | 72.6 | 72.3 | 2.7 | 7.7 | 449.9 |
| YOLOv8+SDDH | 88.9 | 71.2 | 70.0 | 2.6 | 5.6 | 423.9 |
| YOLOv8+C2f_DAT | 92.2 | 72.9 | 71.7 | 3.1 | 8.1 | 439.4 |
| YOLOv8+ DBdown +C2f_DAT | 92.1 | 71.6 | 72.2 | 2.7 | 7.6 | 439.3 |
| YOLOv8+ DBdown + SDDH | 91.7 | 70.6 | 70.2 | 2.1 | 5.5 | 426.1 |
| YOLOv8+C2f_DAT+ SDDH | 90.2 | 72.3 | 71.3 | 2.4 | 5.7 | 434.9 |
| YOLOv8+ DBdown +C2f_DAT+ SDDH | 93.6 | 73.5 | 72.5 | 2.2 | 5.3 | 435.7 |
| 模型 | P/% | F1/% | mAP@0.5/% | 不同缺陷类型的AP/% | 参数量/106 | 浮点运算量 /GFLOPs | 帧率/(frame·s-1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 缺孔 | 鼠咬 | 开路 | 短路 | 毛刺 | 杂铜 | |||||||
| RT-DETR | 72.4 | 59.1 | 52.6 | 86.6 | 67.2 | 64.7 | 74.2 | 75.5 | 66.3 | 284.5 | 100.6 | 40.3 |
| YOLOv8 | 87.9 | 69.2 | 68.0 | 95.8 | 87.1 | 89.9 | 87.1 | 87.8 | 79.5 | 3.0 | 8.1 | 456.8 |
| YOLOv9 | 90.2 | 69.4 | 66.8 | 94.5 | 84.3 | 94.0 | 89.7 | 83.2 | 95.4 | 2.1 | 7.6 | 328.2 |
| YOLOv10 | 86.7 | 66.9 | 65.5 | 91.0 | 80.6 | 89.2 | 89.3 | 84.8 | 85.3 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 358.8 |
| YOLOv11 | 91.3 | 67.3 | 65.1 | 89.0 | 86.6 | 95.6 | 91.6 | 97.6 | 87.4 | 2.5 | 6.3 | 339.1 |
| YOLOv12 | 90.2 | 68.5 | 63.4 | 86.9 | 90.1 | 91.5 | 88.7 | 94.7 | 89.0 | 2.5 | 6.3 | 217.5 |
| GhostNet-YOLO | 85.5 | 65.3 | 62.3 | 91.0 | 78.4 | 86.3 | 87.7 | 86.1 | 83.8 | 2.0 | 5.8 | 363.1 |
| Gold-YOLO | 88.3 | 68.9 | 66.4 | 93.9 | 82.3 | 87.4 | 88.8 | 89.7 | 87.6 | 5.9 | 10.2 | 309.0 |
| ConvNeXtV2 | 57.2 | 46.8 | 39.4 | 64.7 | 52.3 | 49.0 | 60.4 | 57.5 | 59.6 | 56.6 | 14.1 | 158.0 |
| YOLO-NAS | 86.3 | 69.1 | 66.5 | 93.6 | 79.7 | 91.3 | 84.7 | 90.7 | 78.4 | 2.4 | 6.6 | 423.5 |
| YOLO-RRL | 91.3 | 71.7 | 71.1 | 95.8 | 85.7 | 94.3 | 89.6 | 93.1 | 89.1 | 2.4 | 5.8 | 470.5 |
| YOLO-SSW | 90.8 | 73.3 | 73.7 | 94.5 | 89.3 | 89.7 | 93.3 | 89.5 | 88.4 | 4.3 | 11.2 | 218.1 |
| DES-Det | 93.6 | 73.5 | 72.5 | 96.7 | 91.3 | 96.1 | 90.7 | 94.1 | 92.9 | 2.2 | 5.3 | 435.7 |
表4 PKU-Market-PCB数据集上不同模型的性能对比
Tab. 4 Performance comparison of different models on PKU-Market-PCB dataset
| 模型 | P/% | F1/% | mAP@0.5/% | 不同缺陷类型的AP/% | 参数量/106 | 浮点运算量 /GFLOPs | 帧率/(frame·s-1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 缺孔 | 鼠咬 | 开路 | 短路 | 毛刺 | 杂铜 | |||||||
| RT-DETR | 72.4 | 59.1 | 52.6 | 86.6 | 67.2 | 64.7 | 74.2 | 75.5 | 66.3 | 284.5 | 100.6 | 40.3 |
| YOLOv8 | 87.9 | 69.2 | 68.0 | 95.8 | 87.1 | 89.9 | 87.1 | 87.8 | 79.5 | 3.0 | 8.1 | 456.8 |
| YOLOv9 | 90.2 | 69.4 | 66.8 | 94.5 | 84.3 | 94.0 | 89.7 | 83.2 | 95.4 | 2.1 | 7.6 | 328.2 |
| YOLOv10 | 86.7 | 66.9 | 65.5 | 91.0 | 80.6 | 89.2 | 89.3 | 84.8 | 85.3 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 358.8 |
| YOLOv11 | 91.3 | 67.3 | 65.1 | 89.0 | 86.6 | 95.6 | 91.6 | 97.6 | 87.4 | 2.5 | 6.3 | 339.1 |
| YOLOv12 | 90.2 | 68.5 | 63.4 | 86.9 | 90.1 | 91.5 | 88.7 | 94.7 | 89.0 | 2.5 | 6.3 | 217.5 |
| GhostNet-YOLO | 85.5 | 65.3 | 62.3 | 91.0 | 78.4 | 86.3 | 87.7 | 86.1 | 83.8 | 2.0 | 5.8 | 363.1 |
| Gold-YOLO | 88.3 | 68.9 | 66.4 | 93.9 | 82.3 | 87.4 | 88.8 | 89.7 | 87.6 | 5.9 | 10.2 | 309.0 |
| ConvNeXtV2 | 57.2 | 46.8 | 39.4 | 64.7 | 52.3 | 49.0 | 60.4 | 57.5 | 59.6 | 56.6 | 14.1 | 158.0 |
| YOLO-NAS | 86.3 | 69.1 | 66.5 | 93.6 | 79.7 | 91.3 | 84.7 | 90.7 | 78.4 | 2.4 | 6.6 | 423.5 |
| YOLO-RRL | 91.3 | 71.7 | 71.1 | 95.8 | 85.7 | 94.3 | 89.6 | 93.1 | 89.1 | 2.4 | 5.8 | 470.5 |
| YOLO-SSW | 90.8 | 73.3 | 73.7 | 94.5 | 89.3 | 89.7 | 93.3 | 89.5 | 88.4 | 4.3 | 11.2 | 218.1 |
| DES-Det | 93.6 | 73.5 | 72.5 | 96.7 | 91.3 | 96.1 | 90.7 | 94.1 | 92.9 | 2.2 | 5.3 | 435.7 |
| 模型 | P/% | F1/% | mAP@0.5/% | 不同缺陷类型的AP/% | 帧率/(frame·s-1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 孔洞 | 开路 | 短路 | 鼠咬 | 毛刺 | 杂铜 | |||||
| RT-DETR | 92.0 | 90.3 | 94.9 | 91.3 | 91.2 | 94.3 | 92.4 | 90.8 | 92.1 | 45.1 |
| YOLOv8 | 97.0 | 95.9 | 98.4 | 96.9 | 94.5 | 97.3 | 97.5 | 99.3 | 96.5 | 467.2 |
| YOLOv9 | 97.5 | 96.4 | 98.5 | 97.6 | 97.1 | 97.9 | 97.3 | 97.7 | 97.2 | 301.7 |
| YOLOv10 | 96.6 | 95.5 | 98.1 | 96.2 | 95.1 | 97.4 | 96.7 | 97.2 | 96.9 | 389.3 |
| YOLOv11 | 96.6 | 96.0 | 98.1 | 96.1 | 96.4 | 97.6 | 95.9 | 96.9 | 96.8 | 342.9 |
| YOLOv12 | 95.5 | 94.9 | 97.6 | 96.5 | 93.9 | 95.9 | 93.5 | 97.4 | 96.0 | 233.8 |
| GhostNet-YOLO | 97.5 | 94.9 | 98.0 | 97.9 | 97.2 | 97.1 | 96.1 | 99.1 | 97.5 | 440.6 |
| Gold-YOLO | 96.1 | 95.2 | 98.2 | 97.7 | 96.3 | 97.1 | 97.2 | 99.0 | 89.2 | 302.0 |
| ConvNeXtV2 | 92.2 | 88.5 | 93.5 | 95.0 | 85.3 | 93.1 | 92.5 | 92.4 | 95.8 | 95.0 |
| YOLO-NAS | 90.7 | 93.6 | 96.7 | 91.5 | 89.2 | 90.3 | 91.1 | 89.2 | 93.3 | 98.5 |
| YOLO-RRL | 97.3 | 95.7 | 97.5 | 95.8 | 85.7 | 94.3 | 89.6 | 93.1 | 89.1 | 418.3 |
| YOLO-SSW | 97.4 | 96.4 | 98.4 | 94.5 | 89.3 | 89.7 | 93.3 | 89.5 | 88.4 | 235.6 |
| DES-Det | 98.4 | 97.4 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 97.6 | 99.0 | 98.4 | 99.2 | 97.8 | 446.8 |
表5 DeepPCB数据集上不同模型的性能对比
Tab. 5 Performance comparison of different models on DeepPCB dataset
| 模型 | P/% | F1/% | mAP@0.5/% | 不同缺陷类型的AP/% | 帧率/(frame·s-1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 孔洞 | 开路 | 短路 | 鼠咬 | 毛刺 | 杂铜 | |||||
| RT-DETR | 92.0 | 90.3 | 94.9 | 91.3 | 91.2 | 94.3 | 92.4 | 90.8 | 92.1 | 45.1 |
| YOLOv8 | 97.0 | 95.9 | 98.4 | 96.9 | 94.5 | 97.3 | 97.5 | 99.3 | 96.5 | 467.2 |
| YOLOv9 | 97.5 | 96.4 | 98.5 | 97.6 | 97.1 | 97.9 | 97.3 | 97.7 | 97.2 | 301.7 |
| YOLOv10 | 96.6 | 95.5 | 98.1 | 96.2 | 95.1 | 97.4 | 96.7 | 97.2 | 96.9 | 389.3 |
| YOLOv11 | 96.6 | 96.0 | 98.1 | 96.1 | 96.4 | 97.6 | 95.9 | 96.9 | 96.8 | 342.9 |
| YOLOv12 | 95.5 | 94.9 | 97.6 | 96.5 | 93.9 | 95.9 | 93.5 | 97.4 | 96.0 | 233.8 |
| GhostNet-YOLO | 97.5 | 94.9 | 98.0 | 97.9 | 97.2 | 97.1 | 96.1 | 99.1 | 97.5 | 440.6 |
| Gold-YOLO | 96.1 | 95.2 | 98.2 | 97.7 | 96.3 | 97.1 | 97.2 | 99.0 | 89.2 | 302.0 |
| ConvNeXtV2 | 92.2 | 88.5 | 93.5 | 95.0 | 85.3 | 93.1 | 92.5 | 92.4 | 95.8 | 95.0 |
| YOLO-NAS | 90.7 | 93.6 | 96.7 | 91.5 | 89.2 | 90.3 | 91.1 | 89.2 | 93.3 | 98.5 |
| YOLO-RRL | 97.3 | 95.7 | 97.5 | 95.8 | 85.7 | 94.3 | 89.6 | 93.1 | 89.1 | 418.3 |
| YOLO-SSW | 97.4 | 96.4 | 98.4 | 94.5 | 89.3 | 89.7 | 93.3 | 89.5 | 88.4 | 235.6 |
| DES-Det | 98.4 | 97.4 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 97.6 | 99.0 | 98.4 | 99.2 | 97.8 | 446.8 |
| 数据集 | 模型 | P | R | F1 | mAP@0.5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实景拍摄PCB缺陷数据集 | YOLOv8 | 77.3±0.3 | 78.1±0.2 | 77.6±0.2 | 78.7±0.2 |
| GhostNet | 62.6±0.4 | 60.4±0.5 | 61.4±0.4 | 62.8±0.4 | |
| Gold-YOLO | 58.3±0.3 | 72.3±0.4 | 64.4±0.3 | 45.9±0.3 | |
| ConvNeXtV2 | 73.3±0.2 | 44.6±0.3 | 55.3±0.2 | 47.9±0.2 | |
| YOLO-NAS | 74.8±0.1 | 57.6±0.2 | 64.9±0.1 | 37.8±0.1 | |
| DES-Det | 77.6±0.2 | 80.4±0.1 | 80.0±0.2 | 79.6±0.2 | |
| 铝材缺陷数据集 | YOLOv8 | 75.2±0.3 | 85.9±0.2 | 80.2±0.2 | 70.1±0.2 |
| GhostNet | 70.0±0.3 | 53.2±0.4 | 60.5±0.4 | 58.4±0.4 | |
| Gold-YOLO | 74.4±0.2 | 57.4±0.1 | 62.9±0.1 | 62.8±0.2 | |
| ConvNeXtV2 | 67.4±0.3 | 59.0±0.2 | 62.9±0.2 | 61.1±0.3 | |
| YOLO-NAS | 71.1±0.2 | 55.8±0.1 | 62.5±0.1 | 61.3±0.1 | |
| DES-Det | 79.7±0.1 | 86.9±0.2 | 83.1±0.2 | 72.8±0.2 |
表6 在泛化实验数据集上不同模型的性能对比 (%)
Tab. 6 Performance comparison of different models on generalization experimental datasets
| 数据集 | 模型 | P | R | F1 | mAP@0.5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实景拍摄PCB缺陷数据集 | YOLOv8 | 77.3±0.3 | 78.1±0.2 | 77.6±0.2 | 78.7±0.2 |
| GhostNet | 62.6±0.4 | 60.4±0.5 | 61.4±0.4 | 62.8±0.4 | |
| Gold-YOLO | 58.3±0.3 | 72.3±0.4 | 64.4±0.3 | 45.9±0.3 | |
| ConvNeXtV2 | 73.3±0.2 | 44.6±0.3 | 55.3±0.2 | 47.9±0.2 | |
| YOLO-NAS | 74.8±0.1 | 57.6±0.2 | 64.9±0.1 | 37.8±0.1 | |
| DES-Det | 77.6±0.2 | 80.4±0.1 | 80.0±0.2 | 79.6±0.2 | |
| 铝材缺陷数据集 | YOLOv8 | 75.2±0.3 | 85.9±0.2 | 80.2±0.2 | 70.1±0.2 |
| GhostNet | 70.0±0.3 | 53.2±0.4 | 60.5±0.4 | 58.4±0.4 | |
| Gold-YOLO | 74.4±0.2 | 57.4±0.1 | 62.9±0.1 | 62.8±0.2 | |
| ConvNeXtV2 | 67.4±0.3 | 59.0±0.2 | 62.9±0.2 | 61.1±0.3 | |
| YOLO-NAS | 71.1±0.2 | 55.8±0.1 | 62.5±0.1 | 61.3±0.1 | |
| DES-Det | 79.7±0.1 | 86.9±0.2 | 83.1±0.2 | 72.8±0.2 |
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