《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 3440-3445.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024121848

• 第七届CCF中国区块链技术大会 • 上一篇    

基于哈希时间锁定和激励机制的半中心化跨链桥设计

沈廷达, 朱孔林(), 张琳   

  1. 北京邮电大学 人工智能学院,北京 100876
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-31 修回日期:2025-02-06 接受日期:2025-02-12 发布日期:2025-02-26 出版日期:2025-11-10
  • 通讯作者: 朱孔林
  • 作者简介:沈廷达(1998—),男,山东临沂人,博士研究生,主要研究方向:区块链、跨链桥
    张琳(1974—),男,山东济南人,教授,博士生导师,博士,主要研究方向:车联网与移动互联网、超宽带生物雷达成像、生命信号检测。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2704500);北京未来区块链与隐私计算高精尖创新中心资助项目

Semi-centralized cross-chain bridge design based on hash time lock and incentive mechanism

Tingda SHEN, Konglin ZHU(), Lin ZHANG   

  1. School of Artificial Intelligence,Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing 100876,China
  • Received:2024-12-31 Revised:2025-02-06 Accepted:2025-02-12 Online:2025-02-26 Published:2025-11-10
  • Contact: Konglin ZHU
  • About author:SHEN Tingda, born in 1998, Ph.D. candidate. His research interests include blockchain, cross-chain bridge.
    ZHANG Lin, born in 1974, Ph.D., professor. His research interests include internet of vehicles and mobile Internet, ultra-wideband bio-radar imaging, life signal detection.
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB2704500);Project of Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing

摘要:

区块链生态系统中的跨链桥技术主要分为中心化和去中心化两类:中心化桥因资产集中,易受攻击且损失巨大;去中心化桥符合无信任原则,但资源需求高、实施周期长,且存在可扩展性差的问题。当前研究较少探讨如何在去中心化设计中平衡单点故障和运营效率,为应对这些挑战,结合中心化与去中心化模型提出一种半中心化跨链桥架构,其中由中央服务器提供初始化节点服务,由区块链上智能合约提供去中心化服务,包括路由、质押等。首先,通过激励机制鼓励区块链节点的参与,并通过代码签名和哈希值验证的远程认证建立信任;其次,验证后的节点被纳入去中心化路由表,参与跨链交易验证和审计;最后,基于哈希时间锁定协议(HTLC)验证跨链交易。针对交易成本和延时的实验结果显示,所提架构将交易延时缩短至[24,36] s,单笔跨链交易成本为403 299 gas,与中心化跨链桥接近;通过安全性分析指出了3种典型跨链桥攻击和相应的解决方法所提出的半中心化跨链桥架构在去中心化跨链桥的安全性基础上实现了接近中心化跨链桥的性能,可平衡跨链桥的安全性、效率和交易成本。

关键词: 区块链, 跨链桥, 哈希时间锁定协议, 跨链协议, 激励机制

Abstract:

Cross-chain bridge technologies in blockchain ecosystems are categorized into centralized and decentralized types. Centralized bridges, due to asset concentration, are vulnerable to attacks with potentially significant losses, while decentralized bridges align with the trustless principle but face challenges such as high resource demands, prolonged implementation cycles, and poor scalability issues. Limited research has addressed balancing single points of failure and operational efficiency in decentralized designs. To address these challenges, a semi-centralized cross-chain bridge architecture that integrates centralized and decentralized models was proposed. In this architecture, initial node services were provided by a central server, while decentralized services, including routing and staking, were facilitated by smart contracts on the blockchain. Firstly, participation of blockchain nodes was incentivized through a reward mechanism, and the trust was established via remote attestation using code signing and hash value verification. Secondly, the verified nodes were incorporated into a decentralized routing table to participate in cross-chain transaction verification and auditing. Finally, cross-chain transactions were validated using Hash Time Locked Contract (HTLC). Experimental results on transaction costs and latency demonstrate that the proposed architecture reduces transaction latency to [24,36] seconds with a per-transaction cost of 403 299 gas, comparable to that of centralized cross-chain bridges; a security analysis identifies three typical cross-chain bridge attacks and corresponding solutions. The proposed semi-centralized cross-chain bridge architecture achieves performance comparable to that of centralized cross-chain bridges while maintaining the security of decentralized cross-chain bridges, balancing security, efficiency, and transaction costs in cross-chain operations.

Key words: blockchain, cross-chain bridge, Hash Time Lock Contract (HTLC), cross-chain protocol, incentive mechanism

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