Channel estimation of reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted communication system based on deep learning

doi:10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024050587

Journal of Computer Applications ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 1613-1618.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2024050587

• Network and communications • Previous Articles Next Articles

Channel estimation of reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted communication system based on deep learning

Dan WANG¹^,², Wenhao ZHANG¹^,²(), Lijuan PENG¹^,²

^1.School of Communication and Information Engineering，Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications，Chongqing 400065，China
^2.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communication Technology （Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications），Chongqing 400065，China

Received:2024-05-11 Revised:2024-07-18 Accepted:2024-07-22 Online:2024-07-25 Published:2025-05-10
Contact: Wenhao ZHANG
About author:WANG Dan， born in 1982， Ph. D.， professorate senior engineer. Her research interests include physical layer algorithms for mobile communication， signal processing.
ZHANG Wenhao， born in 2000， M. S. candidate. His research interests include physical layer algorithms for mobile communication， deep learning.
PENG Lijuan， born in 1999， M. S. candidate. Her research interests include physical layer algorithms for mobile communication， signal processing.
Supported by:
Innovation and Development Joint Fund of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation （China Satellite Network）(CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0114)

基于深度学习的智能反射面辅助通信系统信道估计

王丹¹^,², 张文豪¹^,²(), 彭丽娟¹^,²

^1.重庆邮电大学通信与信息工程学院，重庆 400065
^2.移动通信技术重庆市重点实验室（重庆邮电大学），重庆 400065

通讯作者: 张文豪
作者简介:王丹（1982—），女，重庆人，正高级工程师，博士，主要研究方向：移动通信物理层算法、信号处理
张文豪（2000—），男，河南郑州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：移动通信物理层算法、深度学习
彭丽娟（1999—），女，江西赣州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：移动通信物理层算法、信号处理。
基金资助:
重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金（中国星网）资助项目(CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0114)

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the issue of low channel estimation accuracy in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface （RIS） assisted communication systems， a channel estimation scheme based on Channel Denoising Network （CDN） was proposed， which modeled the channel estimation problem as a channel noise elimination problem. Firstly， traditional algorithms were employed to estimate the received pilot signal preliminarily. Then， the estimated signals were input into the channel estimation network to learn noise features and execute denoising， thereby recovering accurate channel coefficients. Finally， to improve the denoising capability of the network， a Weighted Attention Block （WAB） and a Dilated Convolution Block （DCB） were designed to enhance the network's extraction of dominant noise features， and a multi-scale feature fusion module was designed to prevent the loss of shallow features. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with classical DnCNN （Denoising Convolutional Neural Network） and CDRN （Convolutional neural network-based Deep Residual Network） schemes， the proposed scheme reduces the Normalized Mean Square Error （NMSE） by 2.89 dB and 2.01 dB averagely at different Signal-to-Noise Ratios （SNRs）.

Key words: deep learning, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), channel estimation, attention mechanism, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

摘要：

针对智能反射面（RIS）辅助通信系统中信道估计精度低的问题，提出一种基于信道去噪网络（CDN）的信道估计方案，将信道估计问题建模为信道噪声消除的问题。首先使用传统算法对接收到的导频信号进行初步预估计，随后将该预估计信号输入信道估计网络以学习噪声特征并进行去噪处理，从而恢复出精确的信道系数。为了提高网络的去噪能力，设计了加权注意力块（WAB）和膨胀卷积块（DCB）以增强网络对噪声主体特征的提取，同时设计多尺度特征融合模块以防止浅层特征的丢失。仿真结果表明，与经典的DnCNN （Denoising Convolutional Neural Network）和CDRN （Convolutional neural network-based Deep Residual Network）方案相比，所提方案的归一化均方误差（NMSE）在不同信噪比（SNR）下平均降低了2.89 dB和2.01 dB。

关键词: 深度学习, 智能反射面, 信道估计, 注意力机制, 卷积神经网络

CLC Number:

TN911.3

Dan WANG, Wenhao ZHANG, Lijuan PENG. Channel estimation of reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted communication system based on deep learning[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1613-1618.

王丹, 张文豪, 彭丽娟. 基于深度学习的智能反射面辅助通信系统信道估计[J]. 《计算机应用》唯一官方网站, 2025, 45(5): 1613-1618.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1 Uplinks of RIS assisted wireless communication system

Fig. 2 Structure of CDN model

Fig. 3 Structure of WAB

Fig. 4 Receptive field size with different DF

Fig. 5 Structure of DCB

Fig. 6 Feature fusion module

Tab.1 Dataset parameter setting

参数	数值	参数	数值
工作频段	28 GHz	样本数	120 000
系统带宽	100 MHz	基站天线数	16（ $4 × 4$ ）
子载波数	512	RIS单元数	64（ $8 × 8$ ）
路径数	3	噪声大小	10 dB

Tab.1 Dataset parameter setting

参数	数值	参数	数值
工作频段	28 GHz	样本数	120 000
系统带宽	100 MHz	基站天线数	16（ $4 × 4$ ）
子载波数	512	RIS单元数	64（ $8 × 8$ ）
路径数	3	噪声大小	10 dB

Tab.2 Parameter setting of comparison models

网络模型	卷积层数	滤波器数量	网络结构
DnCNN	1	64	Conv+ReLU
	2~16	64	Conv+BN+ReLU
	17	2	Conv
CDRN	1~15	64	Conv+BN+ReLU
	16	2	Conv
	17~31	64	Conv+BN+ReLU
	32	2	Conv
	33~47	64	Conv+BN+ReLU
	48	2	Conv

Fig. 7 Validation loss of model before and after adding WAB

Fig. 8 NMSE comparison of channel estimation schemes at different SNRs

Fig. 9 Influence of number of DCBs on CDN performance at different SNRs

Fig. 10 Influence of DF on CDN performance at different SNRs

Tab. 3 Comparison of complexity of different schemes

信道估计方案	FLOPs	单轮运行时间/s
DnCNN	1 137 180 672	6.5
CDRN	3 185 049 600	18.0
CDN	1 816 657 920	7.5

Fig. 11 Influence of different modules on CDN performance

References 19

1	LIU S， LEI M， ZHAO M J. Deep learning based channel estimation for intelligent reflecting surface aided MISO-OFDM systems［C］// Proceedings of the IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference. Piscataway： IEEE， 2020： 1-5.
2	MISHRA D， JOHANSSON H. Channel estimation and low-complexity beamforming design for passive intelligent surface assisted MISO wireless energy transfer［C］// Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics， Speech and Signal Processing. Piscataway： IEEE， 2019： 4659-4663.
3	ZHENG B， ZHANG R. Intelligent reflecting surface-enhanced OFDM： channel estimation and reflection optimization［J］. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters， 2020， 9（4）： 518-522.
4	WEI L， HUANG C， ALEXANDROPOULOS G C， et al. Parallel factor decomposition channel estimation in RIS-assisted multi-user MISO communication［C］// Proceedings of the IEEE 11th Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop. Piscataway： IEEE， 2020： 1-5.
5	ELBIR A M， PAPAZAFEIROPOULOS A， KOURTESSIS P， et al. Deep channel learning for large intelligent surfaces aided mm-wave massive MIMO systems［J］. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters， 2020， 9（9）： 1447-1451.
6	DAI L， WEI X. Distributed machine learning based downlink channel estimation for RIS assisted wireless communications［J］. IEEE Transactions on Communications， 2022， 70（7）： 4900-4909.
7	KUNDU N K， McKAY M R. Channel estimation for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided MISO communications： from LMMSE to deep learning solutions［J］. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society， 2021， 2： 471-487.
8	ZHANG K， ZUO W， CHEN Y， et al. Beyond a Gaussian denoiser： residual learning of deep CNN for image denoising［J］. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing， 2017， 26（7）： 3142-3155.
9	ZHANG K， ZUO W， ZHANG L. FFDNet： toward a fast and flexible solution for CNN-based image denoising［J］. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing， 2018， 27（9）： 4608-4622.
10	FENG H， ZHAO Y. mmWave RIS-assisted SIMO channel estimation based on global attention residual network［J］. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters， 2023， 12（7）： 1179-1183.
11	XIE W， XIAO J， ZHU P， et al. Deep compressed sensing-based cascaded channel estimation for RIS-aided communication systems［J］. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters， 2022， 11（4）： 846-850.
12	WANG Y， LU H， SUN H. Channel estimation in IRS-enhanced mmWave system with super-resolution network［J］. IEEE Communications Letters， 2021， 25（8）： 2599-2603.
13	JIN Y， ZHANG J， ZHANG X， et al. Channel estimation for semi-passive reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with enhanced deep residual networks［J］. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology， 2021， 70（10）： 11083-11088.
14	LIU C， LIU X， NG D W K， et al. Deep residual learning for channel estimation in intelligent reflecting surface-assisted multi-user communications［J］. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications， 2021， 21（2）： 898-912.
15	重庆邮电大学空间通信研究院. 一种基于深度残差学习的智能反射面辅助通信系统信道估计方法：202310728186.1［P］. 2023-08-22.
	Space Communication Research Institute of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications. A channel estimation method based on deep residual learning for intelligent reflecting surface assisted communication system： 202310728186.1［P］. 2023-08-22.
16	WEI X， SHEN D， DAI L. Channel estimation for RIS assisted wireless communications — Part Ⅱ： an improved solution based on double-structured sparsity［J］. IEEE Communications Letters， 2021， 25（5）： 1403-1407.
17	HOU G， YANG Y， XUE J H. Residual dilated network with attention for image blind denoising［C］// Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. Piscataway： IEEE， 2019： 248-253.
18	陈刚，廖永为，杨振国，等. 基于多特征融合的多尺度生成对抗网络图像修复算法［J］. 计算机应用， 2023， 43（2）：536-544.
	CHEN G， LIAO Y W， YANG Z G， et al. Image inpainting algorithm of multi-scale generative adversarial network based on multi-feature fusion［J］. Journal of Computer Applications， 2023， 43（2）：536-544.
19	MENG Y， ZHANG J. A novel gray image denoising method using convolutional neural network［J］. IEEE Access， 2022， 10： 49657-49676.

[1]	Weigang LI, Xinyi LI, Yongqiang WANG, Yuntao ZHAO. Point cloud classification and segmentation method based on adaptive dynamic graph convolution and parameter-free attention [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 1980-1986.
[2]	Haijie WANG, Guangxin ZHANG, Hai SHI, Shu CHEN. Document-level relation extraction based on entity representation enhancement [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 1809-1816.
[3]	Tianchen HUA, Xiaoning MA, Hui ZHI. Portable executable malware static detection model based on shallow artificial neural network [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 1911-1921.
[4]	Sheping ZHAI, Yan HUANG, Qing YANG, Rui YANG. Multi-view entity alignment combining triples and text attributes [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 1793-1800.
[5]	Xiang WANG, Qianqian CUI, Xiaoming ZHANG, Jianchao WANG, Zhenzhou WANG, Jialin SONG. Wireless capsule endoscopy image classification model based on improved ConvNeXt [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 2016-2024.
[6]	Lanhao LI, Haojun YAN, Haoyi ZHOU, Qingyun SUN, Jianxin LI. Multi-scale information fusion time series long-term forecasting model based on neural network [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 1776-1783.
[7]	Yuan SONG, Xin CHEN, Yarong LI, Yongwei LI, Yang LIU, Zhen ZHAO. Single-channel speech separation model based on auditory modulation Siamese network [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(6): 2025-2033.
[8]	Hui LI, Bingzhi JIA, Chenxi WANG, Ziyu DONG, Jilong LI, Zhaoman ZHONG, Yanyan CHEN. Generative adversarial network underwater image enhancement model based on Swin Transformer [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1439-1446.
[9]	Man CHEN, Xiaojun YANG, Huimin YANG. Pedestrian trajectory prediction based on graph convolutional network and endpoint induction [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1480-1487.
[10]	Wenpeng WANG, Yinchang QIN, Wenxuan SHI. Review of unsupervised deep learning methods for industrial defect detection [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1658-1670.
[11]	Xueying LI, Kun YANG, Guoqing TU, Shubo LIU. Adversarial sample generation method for time-series data based on local augmentation [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1573-1581.
[12]	Sijie NIU, Yuliang LIU. Auxiliary diagnostic method for retinopathy based on dual-branch structure with knowledge distillation [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1410-1414.
[13]	Kai CHEN, Hailiang YE, Feilong CAO. Classification algorithm for point cloud based on local-global interaction and structural Transformer [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1671-1676.
[14]	Lu CHEN, Huaiyao WANG, Jingyang LIU, Tao YAN, Bin CHEN. Robotic grasp detection with feature fusion of spatial-Fourier domain information under low-light environments [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(5): 1686-1693.
[15]	Liqin WANG, Zhilei GENG, Yingshuang LI, Yongfeng DONG, Meng BIAN. Open-world knowledge reasoning model based on path and enhanced triplet text [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2025, 45(4): 1177-1183.

Channel estimation of reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted communication system based on deep learning

基于深度学习的智能反射面辅助通信系统信道估计

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 14

References 19

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics