《计算机应用》唯一官方网站 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (10): 3354-3364.DOI: 10.11772/j.issn.1001-9081.2025091135
• 前沿与综合应用 • 上一篇
收稿日期:2025-09-26
修回日期:2025-11-20
接受日期:2025-11-21
发布日期:2025-12-04
出版日期:2026-10-10
通讯作者:
吕海燕
作者简介:周立军(1982—),男,湖南岳阳人,教授,硕士,CCF会员,主要研究方向:计算智能、航空气象数据同化基金资助:
Haiyan LYU(
), Lijun ZHOU, Jie ZHANG, Yuan ZHAO, Lina WANG
Received:2025-09-26
Revised:2025-11-20
Accepted:2025-11-21
Online:2025-12-04
Published:2026-10-10
Contact:
Haiyan LYU
About author:ZHOU Lijun, born in 1982, M. S., professor. His research interests include computational intelligence, aviation meteorological data assimilation.Supported by:摘要:
数据同化(DA)是现代数值天气预报(NWP)系统的核心,但传统方法面临非线性、非高斯假设与计算成本高昂的瓶颈。深度学习(DL)具备强大的非线性拟合与端到端优化能力,为解决上述挑战提供了革命性范式。从计算机科学视角,本文系统梳理DL在气象DA领域的组件替代、范式革新、系统重构三级演进脉络。首先,阐述DL作为代理模型替代观测算子、订正模型误差等传统瓶颈环节的组件替代阶段;其次,剖析以变分自编码器(VAE)和扩散模型为代表的生成式模型,将同化问题重构为概率性生成任务,实现范式革新;进而论述以FengWu、FuXi等人工智能(AI)气象大模型为代表的系统重构阶段,将同化模块深度内嵌,构建同化?预报一体化闭环系统;最后,从物理一致性、数据依赖性、业务部署可行性等方面探讨该领域面临的核心挑战,并展望神经符号融合、开放基准构建等未来研究方向。
中图分类号:
吕海燕, 周立军, 张杰, 赵媛, 王丽娜. 深度学习在气象数据同化中的应用演进与展望[J]. 计算机应用, 2026, 46(10): 3354-3364.
Haiyan LYU, Lijun ZHOU, Jie ZHANG, Yuan ZHAO, Lina WANG. Evolution and prospect of deep learning in meteorological data assimilation[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2026, 46(10): 3354-3364.
| 处理方法 | 应用场景 | 误差评价指标 | 偏差校正后性能 | 无偏差校正性能 | 计算时间/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSTM+分区IDW | 青藏高原积雪 | NSE | 0.79 | 0.19 | 2.8 |
| LSTM | 沙尘暴PM10校正 | RMSE | 58.6 μg/m³ | 89.4 μg/m³ | 3.2 |
| 变分偏差校正 | 传统气象同化 | RMSE相对降低值 | 19.7% | — | 900~1 500 |
表1 时序处理方法的性能对比
Tab. 1 Performance comparison of time-series processing methods
| 处理方法 | 应用场景 | 误差评价指标 | 偏差校正后性能 | 无偏差校正性能 | 计算时间/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSTM+分区IDW | 青藏高原积雪 | NSE | 0.79 | 0.19 | 2.8 |
| LSTM | 沙尘暴PM10校正 | RMSE | 58.6 μg/m³ | 89.4 μg/m³ | 3.2 |
| 变分偏差校正 | 传统气象同化 | RMSE相对降低值 | 19.7% | — | 900~1 500 |
| 方法类别 | 代表性工作 | 核心思想 | 主要优势 | 关键挑战 | 物理一致性 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 观测算子代理 | 文献[ | 用NN学习H算子的 输入‒输出映射 | 推理快,计算成本降低 | 依赖训练数据,外推风险高, 缺乏可解释性 | 低(黑箱代理,不保证 辐射传输物理过程) |
误差/偏差 混合订正 | 文献[ | 在传统同化器上叠加 AI订正模块 | 捕捉复杂非线性误差, 提升自适应性 | 训练数据需求大,可能引入 伪相关 | 中(依赖基础同化器的 物理框架) |
| 同化算法替代 | 文献[ | 用NN端到端学习同化 算法的输入‒输出映射 | 计算效率指数级提升, 简化流程 | 泛化性差,难以保证物理守恒性 | 低(纯数据驱动,易 产生物理不协调场) |
| 时序处理 | 文献[ | 用LSTM等模型处理 观测序列的时变特性 | 有效建模动态偏差和 长期依赖 | 存在模型漂移,需与BC结合 | 中(依赖具体实现, 本身不施加物理约束) |
表2 深度学习在传统数据同化环节的组件替代方法对比
Tab. 2 Comparison of component replacement methods using deep learning in traditional data assimilation steps
| 方法类别 | 代表性工作 | 核心思想 | 主要优势 | 关键挑战 | 物理一致性 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 观测算子代理 | 文献[ | 用NN学习H算子的 输入‒输出映射 | 推理快,计算成本降低 | 依赖训练数据,外推风险高, 缺乏可解释性 | 低(黑箱代理,不保证 辐射传输物理过程) |
误差/偏差 混合订正 | 文献[ | 在传统同化器上叠加 AI订正模块 | 捕捉复杂非线性误差, 提升自适应性 | 训练数据需求大,可能引入 伪相关 | 中(依赖基础同化器的 物理框架) |
| 同化算法替代 | 文献[ | 用NN端到端学习同化 算法的输入‒输出映射 | 计算效率指数级提升, 简化流程 | 泛化性差,难以保证物理守恒性 | 低(纯数据驱动,易 产生物理不协调场) |
| 时序处理 | 文献[ | 用LSTM等模型处理 观测序列的时变特性 | 有效建模动态偏差和 长期依赖 | 存在模型漂移,需与BC结合 | 中(依赖具体实现, 本身不施加物理约束) |
| 方法类别 | 技术路径 | 代表性工作 | 核心机制 | 主要优势 | 关键挑战 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基于VAE | 数据重建 | DDA[ | 利用CVAE从稀疏观测中重建出完整的 伪观测场,再输入传统同化系统 (如EnSRF) | 兼容现有业务系统,有效解决 观测稀疏区域的同化难题 | 本质仍为混合方法, 未完全脱离传统同化 框架的束缚 |
完全潜在 空间同化 | ETKF-Q-Latent[ | 将编码、同化分析、动力学传播和解码 全流程置于VAE构建的低维潜在空间 中执行 | 极大降低计算复杂度,缓解 维度灾难;低维空间中线性 假设更合理 | 性能高度依赖潜在空间 能否准确捕捉关键的 大气动力学特征 | |
基于扩散 模型 | 全球 高分辨率 同化 | DiffDA[ | 通过软掩码和克里金插值将稀疏观测 融入去噪过程,直接生成全球高分辨率 后验样本 | 首个全球高分辨率机器学习 同化方案,分析场质量高, 速度快(15~30 min) | 训练计算成本高昂,对 极度稀疏观测(<1%)的 处理效果需进一步验证 |
多模态 数据融合 | SLAMS[ Appa[ | 将背景场与多源异构观测(如地面、 卫星)统一映射至潜在空间,利用 扩散模型进行条件生成 | 首个多模态生成式同化框架, 对低质量输入鲁棒性强;可 验证物理一致性 | 异构数据映射与融合的 复杂性;如何有效施加 多变量间的物理约束 | |
零样本 适应性 | SDA[ | 将观测作为推理阶段的引导,模型 无需重新训练新的观测类型或网络 | 强大的通用性和灵活性;可自然生成集合,为概率性预报和 不确定性量化奠定基础 | 如何在不重新训练的 情况下,保证对新观测 类型实现最优融合 |
表3 生成式模型驱动的概率性同化方法的对比
Tab. 3 Comparison of probabilistic assimilation methods driven by generative models
| 方法类别 | 技术路径 | 代表性工作 | 核心机制 | 主要优势 | 关键挑战 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基于VAE | 数据重建 | DDA[ | 利用CVAE从稀疏观测中重建出完整的 伪观测场,再输入传统同化系统 (如EnSRF) | 兼容现有业务系统,有效解决 观测稀疏区域的同化难题 | 本质仍为混合方法, 未完全脱离传统同化 框架的束缚 |
完全潜在 空间同化 | ETKF-Q-Latent[ | 将编码、同化分析、动力学传播和解码 全流程置于VAE构建的低维潜在空间 中执行 | 极大降低计算复杂度,缓解 维度灾难;低维空间中线性 假设更合理 | 性能高度依赖潜在空间 能否准确捕捉关键的 大气动力学特征 | |
基于扩散 模型 | 全球 高分辨率 同化 | DiffDA[ | 通过软掩码和克里金插值将稀疏观测 融入去噪过程,直接生成全球高分辨率 后验样本 | 首个全球高分辨率机器学习 同化方案,分析场质量高, 速度快(15~30 min) | 训练计算成本高昂,对 极度稀疏观测(<1%)的 处理效果需进一步验证 |
多模态 数据融合 | SLAMS[ Appa[ | 将背景场与多源异构观测(如地面、 卫星)统一映射至潜在空间,利用 扩散模型进行条件生成 | 首个多模态生成式同化框架, 对低质量输入鲁棒性强;可 验证物理一致性 | 异构数据映射与融合的 复杂性;如何有效施加 多变量间的物理约束 | |
零样本 适应性 | SDA[ | 将观测作为推理阶段的引导,模型 无需重新训练新的观测类型或网络 | 强大的通用性和灵活性;可自然生成集合,为概率性预报和 不确定性量化奠定基础 | 如何在不重新训练的 情况下,保证对新观测 类型实现最优融合 |
| 评估维度 | 方法 | 典型指标 | 性能表现 | 数据来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 真实性 | DiffDA[ | 500 hPa位势高度RMSE | 93.158(0.25°) | ERA5 |
| SDA[ | 10 m风U分量RMSE | 10%低于HRRR(3 km) | 美国中部气象站 | |
| SLAMS[ | Wasserstein距离 | 比单模态降低35%(多模态) | 多源观测 | |
| 鲁棒性 | SLAMS[ | 20×粗化数据Wasserstein距离 | <0.2(所有变量) | 合成观测 |
| SDA[ | 极度稀疏观测(1/18)RMSE | 保持合理结构 | Kolmogorov流 | |
| Appa[ | 零样本适应RMSE | 与重训练相当(<5%差异) | 多类型观测 | |
| 物理一致性 | Appa[ | 500 hPa风‒压梯度角度 | 85°~95°(符合地转平衡) | 数值验证 |
| SDA[ | 冷池发散风场‒降水相关性 | >0.8(物理合理) | 观测验证 | |
| SLAMS[ | 热力学变量能量谱 | 与ERA5谱差异<15% | 能量谱分析 | |
| 计算效率 | DiffDA[ | 全球0.25°同化时间 | 15~30 min(单GPU) | NVIDIA A100 |
| Appa[ | 25 h轨迹生成 | 20 s(单GPU) | RTX 6000 Ada | |
| SDA[ | 单次3 km同化 | 10 s(单GPU) | RTX 6000 Ada |
表4 生成式同化方法的实验性能对比
Tab. 4 Experimental performance comparison of generative assimilation methods
| 评估维度 | 方法 | 典型指标 | 性能表现 | 数据来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 真实性 | DiffDA[ | 500 hPa位势高度RMSE | 93.158(0.25°) | ERA5 |
| SDA[ | 10 m风U分量RMSE | 10%低于HRRR(3 km) | 美国中部气象站 | |
| SLAMS[ | Wasserstein距离 | 比单模态降低35%(多模态) | 多源观测 | |
| 鲁棒性 | SLAMS[ | 20×粗化数据Wasserstein距离 | <0.2(所有变量) | 合成观测 |
| SDA[ | 极度稀疏观测(1/18)RMSE | 保持合理结构 | Kolmogorov流 | |
| Appa[ | 零样本适应RMSE | 与重训练相当(<5%差异) | 多类型观测 | |
| 物理一致性 | Appa[ | 500 hPa风‒压梯度角度 | 85°~95°(符合地转平衡) | 数值验证 |
| SDA[ | 冷池发散风场‒降水相关性 | >0.8(物理合理) | 观测验证 | |
| SLAMS[ | 热力学变量能量谱 | 与ERA5谱差异<15% | 能量谱分析 | |
| 计算效率 | DiffDA[ | 全球0.25°同化时间 | 15~30 min(单GPU) | NVIDIA A100 |
| Appa[ | 25 h轨迹生成 | 20 s(单GPU) | RTX 6000 Ada | |
| SDA[ | 单次3 km同化 | 10 s(单GPU) | RTX 6000 Ada |
| 架构范式 | 代表工作 | 核心机制 | 主要优势 | 关键挑战 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 显式:专用网络 | FengWu-Adas[ | 专用网络,自我纠正循环 | 动态适应,持续学习,闭环优化 | 需独立设计同化网络,融合机制的 物理可解释性 |
| 显式:可微分内化 | FengWu-4DVar[ | 自动微分内化4DVar | 计算效率极高,理论基础强 (源于4DVar) | 依赖模型完全可微分,AD内存开销大 |
| 显式:通用融合网络 | FuXi-DA[ | 通用融合网络替代B/H矩阵 | 完全摒弃传统算子,高度通用 | 训练数据需求极大,对复杂观测的 泛化能力弱 |
| 隐式:端到端训练 | GraphCast[ | 端到端训练学习映射 | 架构简洁,预报性能卓越 | 依赖高质量再分析数据,灵活性差 |
表5 端到端AI大模型在气象数据同化中的代表性架构的对比
Tab. 5 Comparison of representative architectures for end-to-end AI large models applied in meteorological data assimilation
| 架构范式 | 代表工作 | 核心机制 | 主要优势 | 关键挑战 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 显式:专用网络 | FengWu-Adas[ | 专用网络,自我纠正循环 | 动态适应,持续学习,闭环优化 | 需独立设计同化网络,融合机制的 物理可解释性 |
| 显式:可微分内化 | FengWu-4DVar[ | 自动微分内化4DVar | 计算效率极高,理论基础强 (源于4DVar) | 依赖模型完全可微分,AD内存开销大 |
| 显式:通用融合网络 | FuXi-DA[ | 通用融合网络替代B/H矩阵 | 完全摒弃传统算子,高度通用 | 训练数据需求极大,对复杂观测的 泛化能力弱 |
| 隐式:端到端训练 | GraphCast[ | 端到端训练学习映射 | 架构简洁,预报性能卓越 | 依赖高质量再分析数据,灵活性差 |
| 方法 | 分辨率 | 硬件配置 | 单次同化时间 | 相较于传统方法的加速比 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4DVar(传统) | 0.25°(全球) | 256 CPU核心集群 | 4~6 h | 1×(基准) |
| DiffDA | 0.25°(全球) | 单A100 GPU | 15~30 min | 8~24× |
| FengWu-4DVar | 1.4°(全球) | 单A100 GPU | (30.4±0.5) s | >500× |
| Appa | 0.25°(全球) | 单RTX 6000 Ada | (75±3) s(25 h轨迹) | >150× |
| SDA | 3 km(区域) | 单RTX 6000 Ada | (10±0.8) s(24 h轨迹) | >180× |
| FuXi-DA | 0.25°(全球) | 单A100 GPU | <10 s | >1 440× |
| ETKF-Q-Latent | 400维(增强Lorenz) | 单Tesla P100 GPU | (6.52±0.12) s | 2.5× |
表6 不同数据同化方法的计算效率实测对比
Tab. 6 Measured computational efficiency comparison of different data assimilation methods
| 方法 | 分辨率 | 硬件配置 | 单次同化时间 | 相较于传统方法的加速比 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4DVar(传统) | 0.25°(全球) | 256 CPU核心集群 | 4~6 h | 1×(基准) |
| DiffDA | 0.25°(全球) | 单A100 GPU | 15~30 min | 8~24× |
| FengWu-4DVar | 1.4°(全球) | 单A100 GPU | (30.4±0.5) s | >500× |
| Appa | 0.25°(全球) | 单RTX 6000 Ada | (75±3) s(25 h轨迹) | >150× |
| SDA | 3 km(区域) | 单RTX 6000 Ada | (10±0.8) s(24 h轨迹) | >180× |
| FuXi-DA | 0.25°(全球) | 单A100 GPU | <10 s | >1 440× |
| ETKF-Q-Latent | 400维(增强Lorenz) | 单Tesla P100 GPU | (6.52±0.12) s | 2.5× |
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